{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318464643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031481","title":"Text Sentiment Classification Based on BERT Embedding and Sliced Multi-Head Self-Attention Bi-GRU","display_name":"Text Sentiment Classification Based on BERT Embedding and Sliced Multi-Head Self-Attention Bi-GRU","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318464643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031481","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772522"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031481","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1481/pdf?version=1675313617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1481/pdf?version=1675313617","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025904369","display_name":"Xiangsen Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangsen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087074784","display_name":"Zhongqiang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongqiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349862","display_name":"Ke Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-5984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071243359","display_name":"Zengshun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0602-7741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zengshun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007498086","display_name":"Jinhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8587-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004678361","display_name":"Chengqin Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengqin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071243359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":7.4536,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97991957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1481","last_page":"1481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.8409638404846191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7733137011528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6305320858955383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6155135631561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6037985682487488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.5877404808998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysemy","display_name":"Polysemy","score":0.5693452954292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4976189434528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.4549413025379181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4319435954093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.42945486307144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.41511207818984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4136281907558441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.37720635533332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13809654116630554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.8409638404846191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7733137011528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6305320858955383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6155135631561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6037985682487488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.5877404808998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780276568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191928","display_name":"Polysemy","level":2,"score":0.5693452954292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4976189434528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4549413025379181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4319435954093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.42945486307144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.41511207818984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4136281907558441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.37720635533332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13809654116630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031481","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1481/pdf?version=1675313617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36772522","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9920561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9920561","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9920561/pdf/sensors-23-01481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:01e052f04c6c464eaa587f3f86607468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/01e052f04c6c464eaa587f3f86607468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 1481 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/3/1481/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031481","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1481/pdf?version=1675313617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5245195022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015T80717","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G957142436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020MF086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4318464643.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508644059","https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2148506018","https://openalex.org/W2152706498","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2215041843","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2267186426","https://openalex.org/W2306941105","https://openalex.org/W2322381516","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2554720547","https://openalex.org/W2739983396","https://openalex.org/W2801011252","https://openalex.org/W2900120976","https://openalex.org/W2921154353","https://openalex.org/W2944733214","https://openalex.org/W2953751391","https://openalex.org/W2962808042","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963874170","https://openalex.org/W2964189376","https://openalex.org/W3000271234","https://openalex.org/W3010500276","https://openalex.org/W3044088702","https://openalex.org/W3081987387","https://openalex.org/W3094173182","https://openalex.org/W3130274509","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6764398373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2743258233","https://openalex.org/W4307834408","https://openalex.org/W2249191539","https://openalex.org/W2238728730","https://openalex.org/W2066259560","https://openalex.org/W4283756234","https://openalex.org/W4312546084","https://openalex.org/W2949267551","https://openalex.org/W2744225050","https://openalex.org/W2963745526"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,7,15,23,33,47,67,73,81,85,89,100,109,121,126,130,135,141,148,153,162,166,176,179],"task":[2],"of":[3,21,84,96,129,144,165,178],"text":[4,131],"sentiment":[5,42],"analysis,":[6],"main":[8],"problem":[9],"that":[10,14,140],"we":[11],"face":[12],"is":[13,36,78,92,105,117,132,156,168],"traditional":[16],"word":[17,68],"vectors":[18],"represent":[19],"lack":[20],"polysemy,":[22],"Recurrent":[24,52,103],"Neural":[25],"Network":[26],"cannot":[27],"be":[28],"trained":[29],"in":[30],"parallel,":[31],"and":[32,59,152,158],"classification":[34,43,142],"accuracy":[35,143],"not":[37],"high.":[38],"We":[39],"propose":[40],"a":[41],"model":[44,77,146,167],"based":[45],"on":[46,147],"proposed":[48],"Sliced":[49],"Bidirectional":[50,60],"Gated":[51,102],"Unit":[53,104],"(Sliced":[54],"Bi-GRU),":[55],"Multi-head":[56,122],"Self-Attention":[57],"mechanism,":[58],"Encoder":[61],"Representations":[62],"from":[63],"Transformers":[64],"embedding.":[65],"First,":[66],"vector":[69],"representation":[70],"obtained":[71],"by":[72,134],"BERT":[74],"pre-trained":[75],"language":[76],"used":[79],"as":[80],"embedding":[82],"layer":[83],"neural":[86],"network.":[87],"Then":[88],"input":[90],"sequence":[91],"sliced":[93],"into":[94],"subsequences":[95],"equal":[97],"length.":[98],"And":[99,161],"Bi-sequence":[101],"applied":[106],"to":[107],"extract":[108],"subsequent":[110],"feature":[111],"information.":[112],"The":[113],"relationship":[114],"between":[115],"words":[116],"learned":[118],"sequentially":[119],"via":[120],"Self-attention":[123],"mechanism.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"emotional":[127],"tendency":[128],"output":[133],"Softmax":[136],"function.":[137],"Experiments":[138],"show":[139],"this":[145],"Yelp":[149],"2015":[150],"dataset":[151,155],"Amazon":[154],"74.37%":[157],"62.57%,":[159],"respectively.":[160],"training":[163],"speed":[164],"better":[169],"than":[170],"most":[171],"existing":[172],"models,":[173],"which":[174],"verifies":[175],"effectiveness":[177],"model.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
