{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318465137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031464","title":"Air-GR: An Over-the-Air Handwritten Character Recognition System Based on Coordinate Correction YOLOv5 Algorithm and LGR-CNN","display_name":"Air-GR: An Over-the-Air Handwritten Character Recognition System Based on Coordinate Correction YOLOv5 Algorithm and LGR-CNN","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318465137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031464","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031464","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1464/pdf?version=1675764503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1464/pdf?version=1675764503","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443320","display_name":"Yajun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9396-3313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yajun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9396-3313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406511","display_name":"Zijian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4616-2999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070732155","display_name":"Zhixiong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9292-2800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101855923","display_name":"Bo Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2289-475X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331710","display_name":"Xu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8780-5455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Xinjiang University, \u00dcr\u00fcmqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100443320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.9403,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74984533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1464","last_page":"1464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.8621875047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.795974612236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7749857902526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6772955656051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5811522006988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5680578351020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coordinate-system","display_name":"Coordinate system","score":0.4256861209869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3454206883907318}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.8621875047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.795974612236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7749857902526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6772955656051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5811522006988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5680578351020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80551277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11210","display_name":"Coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.4256861209869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3454206883907318}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031464","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1464/pdf?version=1675764503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36772508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9919147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9919147","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9919147/pdf/sensors-23-01464.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cbca477b41a742afbf5597c2aa636a2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cbca477b41a742afbf5597c2aa636a2d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 1464 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/3/1464/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 3; Pages: 1464","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031464","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1464/pdf?version=1675764503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4318465137.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1252865438","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2159808202","https://openalex.org/W2162744351","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2322989609","https://openalex.org/W2806811520","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2890129614","https://openalex.org/W2911053187","https://openalex.org/W2921988675","https://openalex.org/W2957317754","https://openalex.org/W3019913914","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3035414587","https://openalex.org/W3101265641","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3109196171","https://openalex.org/W3133758660","https://openalex.org/W3133995976","https://openalex.org/W3135967623","https://openalex.org/W3140300872","https://openalex.org/W3155082904","https://openalex.org/W3158377203","https://openalex.org/W3161618111","https://openalex.org/W3161927037","https://openalex.org/W3174435436","https://openalex.org/W3189713121","https://openalex.org/W3196221233","https://openalex.org/W3197369383","https://openalex.org/W3202434625","https://openalex.org/W3205569226","https://openalex.org/W3208300207","https://openalex.org/W4200082937","https://openalex.org/W4205483841","https://openalex.org/W4224280657","https://openalex.org/W4281395706","https://openalex.org/W4281556957","https://openalex.org/W4285183690","https://openalex.org/W4301184577","https://openalex.org/W4311791264","https://openalex.org/W4312335048","https://openalex.org/W4313002786","https://openalex.org/W6801010343","https://openalex.org/W6810165065"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066003895","https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2010878661","https://openalex.org/W2026258298","https://openalex.org/W3204639664","https://openalex.org/W2970836791","https://openalex.org/W2805039731","https://openalex.org/W2989699735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"human-computer":[1],"interaction":[2,21,30],"technology":[3,58],"relies":[4],"heavily":[5],"on":[6,43,92],"input":[7,76],"devices":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10,107],"mice":[11],"and":[12,18,22,69,73,98,193,218,229,240,249,251],"keyboards,":[13],"which":[14],"limit":[15],"the":[16,27,35,60,93,110,117,120,137,146,157,173,177,184,197,205,211,224],"speed":[17],"naturalness":[19],"of":[20,32,37,62,66,113,123,213,223,245],"can":[23,148,238],"no":[24],"longer":[25],"meet":[26],"more":[28],"advanced":[29],"needs":[31],"users.":[33],"With":[34],"development":[36],"computer":[38],"vision":[39],"(CV)":[40],"technology,":[41],"research":[42,51],"contactless":[44],"gesture":[45,56,67,115,124,130,138,151,159,174,186,206],"recognition":[46,57,68,89,112,253],"has":[47,59],"become":[48],"a":[49,63,99,168,189],"new":[50],"hotspot.":[52],"However,":[53],"current":[54],"CV-based":[55],"limitation":[61],"limited":[64],"number":[65],"cannot":[70],"achieve":[71],"fast":[72],"accurate":[74],"text":[75],"operations.":[77],"To":[78],"solve":[79],"this":[80,82,144,165],"problem,":[81],"paper":[83,166],"proposes":[84,167],"an":[85],"over-the-air":[86],"handwritten":[87],"character":[88],"system":[90,118,147,178,192],"based":[91],"coordinate":[94,139,191],"correction":[95,140],"YOLOv5":[96,135],"algorithm":[97,141,170],"lightweight":[100,199],"convolutional":[101,200],"neural":[102,201],"network":[103],"(LGR-CNN),":[104],"referred":[105],"to":[106,126],"Air-GR.":[108],"Unlike":[109],"direct":[111],"captured":[114,158],"pictures,":[116],"uses":[119],"trajectory":[121,207],"points":[122],"actions":[125],"generate":[127],"images":[128],"for":[129,171],"recognition.":[131],"Firstly,":[132],"by":[133,182],"combining":[134],"with":[136],"proposed":[142],"in":[143,188],"paper,":[145],"effectively":[149,241],"improve":[150],"detection":[152],"accuracy.":[153],"Secondly,":[154],"considering":[155],"that":[156,222,236],"coordinates":[160,187],"may":[161],"contain":[162],"multiple":[163],"gestures,":[164],"time-window-based":[169],"segmenting":[172],"coordinates.":[175],"Finally,":[176],"recognizes":[179],"user":[180],"gestures":[181],"plotting":[183],"segmented":[185],"two-dimensional":[190],"feeding":[194],"them":[195],"into":[196],"constructed":[198],"network,":[202],"LGR-CNN.":[203],"For":[204],"image":[208],"classification":[209],"task,":[210],"accuracy":[212,254],"LGR-CNN":[214],"is":[215],"13.2%,":[216],"12.2%,":[217],"4.5%":[219],"higher":[220],"than":[221],"mainstream":[225],"networks":[226],"VGG16,":[227],"ResNet,":[228],"GoogLeNet,":[230],"respectively.":[231],"The":[232],"experimental":[233],"results":[234],"show":[235],"Air-GR":[237],"quickly":[239],"recognize":[242],"any":[243],"combination":[244],"26":[246],"English":[247],"letters":[248],"numbers,":[250],"its":[252],"reaches":[255],"95.24%.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}