{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318049614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031352","title":"A Survey of AI-Based Anomaly Detection in IoT and Sensor Networks","display_name":"A Survey of AI-Based Anomaly Detection in IoT and Sensor Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318049614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031352","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031352","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1352/pdf?version=1675068999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1352/pdf?version=1675068999","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034775605","display_name":"Kyle DeMedeiros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3157-8385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle DeMedeiros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 1 Upper College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3157-8385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 1 Upper College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058249834","display_name":"Abdeltawab Hendawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3385-3379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdeltawab Hendawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 1 Upper College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3385-3379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 1 Upper College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046665875","display_name":"Marco \u00c1lvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8528-5089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 1 Upper College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 1 Upper College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058249834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":19.2079,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":145,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99568451,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1352","last_page":"1352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.9209827184677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7837992906570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.7233747243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5843541026115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.49865198135375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4515088200569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32048726081848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2895664870738983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.26514196395874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16580802202224731}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.9209827184677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7837992906570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7233747243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5843541026115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.49865198135375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4515088200569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32048726081848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2895664870738983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26514196395874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16580802202224731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031352","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1352/pdf?version=1675068999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36772393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9920825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9920825","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9920825/pdf/sensors-23-01352.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b2d9eadf54b34716877be80e19796019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b2d9eadf54b34716877be80e19796019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 1352 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/3/1352/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 3; Pages: 1352","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031352","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1352/pdf?version=1675068999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4318049614.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041479772","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2131389289","https://openalex.org/W2158241949","https://openalex.org/W2241140635","https://openalex.org/W2468907370","https://openalex.org/W2613480438","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2756203131","https://openalex.org/W2766094859","https://openalex.org/W2771951707","https://openalex.org/W2790057819","https://openalex.org/W2905833087","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2918223775","https://openalex.org/W2945592170","https://openalex.org/W2945594226","https://openalex.org/W2949848919","https://openalex.org/W2950361482","https://openalex.org/W2953381066","https://openalex.org/W2962754039","https://openalex.org/W2963678124","https://openalex.org/W2966841471","https://openalex.org/W2968422580","https://openalex.org/W2982072761","https://openalex.org/W2987793235","https://openalex.org/W2991374072","https://openalex.org/W2998634732","https://openalex.org/W3002609483","https://openalex.org/W3006314247","https://openalex.org/W3022550689","https://openalex.org/W3023676370","https://openalex.org/W3034122135","https://openalex.org/W3035366542","https://openalex.org/W3039398136","https://openalex.org/W3040696362","https://openalex.org/W3046290044","https://openalex.org/W3080604575","https://openalex.org/W3080626918","https://openalex.org/W3088609916","https://openalex.org/W3089831155","https://openalex.org/W3090907207","https://openalex.org/W3094136258","https://openalex.org/W3098872119","https://openalex.org/W3100078588","https://openalex.org/W3101877327","https://openalex.org/W3102554652","https://openalex.org/W3103720336","https://openalex.org/W3114473259","https://openalex.org/W3135695944","https://openalex.org/W3137919061","https://openalex.org/W3143426208","https://openalex.org/W3151900735","https://openalex.org/W3163191319","https://openalex.org/W3169450514","https://openalex.org/W3170851865","https://openalex.org/W3178297575","https://openalex.org/W3178367256","https://openalex.org/W3184127157","https://openalex.org/W3187949865","https://openalex.org/W3199224805","https://openalex.org/W3206326321","https://openalex.org/W3206604724","https://openalex.org/W3208086363","https://openalex.org/W3209375340","https://openalex.org/W3212931265","https://openalex.org/W4200210604","https://openalex.org/W4206730766","https://openalex.org/W4210257598","https://openalex.org/W4210623388","https://openalex.org/W4291002321","https://openalex.org/W4293083935","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W6745537798","https://openalex.org/W6776488958","https://openalex.org/W6784581357"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W4377864969","https://openalex.org/W3030345572"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,5],"(ML)":[2],"and":[3,41,45,51,82,109,116],"deep":[4],"(DL),":[6],"in":[7,20,35,42,58,71,119,122],"particular,":[8],"are":[9],"common":[10],"tools":[11],"for":[12,29],"anomaly":[13,56,69,80,99,113],"detection":[14,57,70,100,114],"(AD).":[15],"With":[16],"the":[17,21,26,36,46,52,105,120],"rapid":[18],"increase":[19],"number":[22],"of":[23,31,68,92,107],"Internet-connected":[24],"devices,":[25],"growing":[27],"desire":[28],"Internet":[30,106],"Things":[32,108],"(IoT)":[33],"devices":[34,60],"home,":[37],"on":[38,87,104],"our":[39,43],"person,":[40],"vehicles,":[44],"transition":[47],"to":[48,96],"smart":[49],"infrastructure":[50],"Industrial":[53],"IoT":[54],"(IIoT),":[55],"these":[59],"is":[61,65,81,101],"critical.":[62],"This":[63,75],"paper":[64,76],"a":[66],"survey":[67,94],"sensor":[72,110],"networks/the":[73],"IoT.":[74],"defines":[77],"what":[78],"an":[79],"surveys":[83],"multiple":[84],"sources":[85],"based":[86],"those":[88],"definitions.":[89],"The":[90],"goal":[91],"this":[93,123],"was":[95],"highlight":[97],"how":[98],"being":[102],"performed":[103],"networks,":[111],"identify":[112],"approaches,":[115],"outlines":[117],"gaps":[118],"research":[121],"domain.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}