{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317727048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031260","title":"Using Machine Learning on V2X Communications Data for VRU Collision Prediction","display_name":"Using Machine Learning on V2X Communications Data for VRU Collision Prediction","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317727048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031260","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772299"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1260/pdf?version=1675485277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1260/pdf?version=1675485277","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007193063","display_name":"Bruno Ribeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1037-6434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bruno Ribeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032997160","display_name":"Maria Jo\u00e3o Nicolau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6172-5855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Jo\u00e3o Nicolau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081645869","display_name":"Alexandre Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1501-2752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007193063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.7406,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95245335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1260","last_page":"1260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.6810582280158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6417186260223389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.5414285063743591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.44951629638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.4356400966644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.41775110363960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.41602396965026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3639841675758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3289162218570709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2376188039779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.1837179958820343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16581061482429504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.6810582280158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6417186260223389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.5414285063743591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44951629638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.4356400966644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.41775110363960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41602396965026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3639841675758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3289162218570709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2376188039779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.1837179958820343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16581061482429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1260/pdf?version=1675485277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36772299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9920954","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9920954","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9920954/pdf/sensors-23-01260.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f148da2af1044d3a80f6f61dc3426a41","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f148da2af1044d3a80f6f61dc3426a41","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 1260 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/3/1260/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 3; Pages: 1260","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt:1822/85377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1822/85377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400354","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3riUM (Universidade do Minho)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","host_organization_name":"University of Minho","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorium.uminho.pt:1822/85377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1260/pdf?version=1675485277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2582522631","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3272457656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7949088935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/00319/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4317727048.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2753968620","https://openalex.org/W2807258775","https://openalex.org/W2943866241","https://openalex.org/W2962777436","https://openalex.org/W2988773531","https://openalex.org/W3034408619","https://openalex.org/W3116782049","https://openalex.org/W3189646258","https://openalex.org/W3198080154","https://openalex.org/W3204369957","https://openalex.org/W4200419897","https://openalex.org/W4206085687","https://openalex.org/W4210588440","https://openalex.org/W4212807813","https://openalex.org/W4286248431","https://openalex.org/W4289830116","https://openalex.org/W4297383364","https://openalex.org/W4393477706","https://openalex.org/W6800890117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557094818","https://openalex.org/W4317634134","https://openalex.org/W2183246718","https://openalex.org/W2099261052","https://openalex.org/W2981729160","https://openalex.org/W4310743282","https://openalex.org/W1819938260","https://openalex.org/W2340892746","https://openalex.org/W3163022373","https://openalex.org/W3005999311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"Transportation":[1],"Systems":[2],"(ITSs)":[3],"are":[4,40],"systems":[5],"that":[6,134],"aim":[7],"to":[8,17,44,58,83,108],"provide":[9],"innovative":[10],"services":[11],"for":[12,32,68,176,254],"road":[13],"users":[14,39],"in":[15,56,106,160,164,196,264],"order":[16,107],"improve":[18],"traffic":[19],"efficiency,":[20],"mobility":[21],"and":[22,47,78,149,182,191],"safety.":[23],"This":[24,113],"aspect":[25],"of":[26,29,131,145,170,189,202,223,235,237,244,249,257],"safety":[27,53,66,259],"is":[28,71,135],"utmost":[30],"importance":[31],"Vulnerable":[33],"Road":[34],"Users":[35],"(VRUs),":[36],"as":[37],"these":[38],"typically":[41],"more":[42],"exposed":[43],"dangerous":[45],"situations,":[46],"their":[48,85],"vehicles":[49,60,70],"also":[50],"possess":[51],"poorer":[52],"mechanisms":[54,105],"when":[55],"comparison":[57],"regular":[59],"on":[61,129,229],"the":[62,93,138,143,171,203,211,221,224,233,238,242,255,265,276],"road.":[63],"Implementing":[64],"automatic":[65,111],"solutions":[67],"VRU":[69,117],"challenging":[72],"since":[73],"they":[74],"have":[75],"high":[76,247],"agility":[77],"it":[79,167,199],"can":[80,98],"be":[81,99,272],"difficult":[82],"anticipate":[84],"behavior.":[86],"However,":[87],"if":[88],"equipped":[89],"with":[90,183,205,215],"communication":[91,132],"capabilities,":[92],"generated":[94,136],"Vehicle-to-Anything":[95],"(V2X)":[96],"data":[97,133,231],"leveraged":[100],"by":[101,275],"Machine":[102],"Learning":[103],"(ML)":[104],"implement":[109],"such":[110],"systems.":[112],"work":[114],"proposes":[115],"a":[116,184,206,245],"(motorcyclist)":[118],"collision":[119,269],"prediction":[120,234],"system,":[121],"utilizing":[122],"stacked":[123],"unidirectional":[124],"Long":[125],"Short-Term":[126],"Memorys":[127],"(LSTMs)":[128],"top":[130],"using":[137,226],"VEINS":[139],"simulation":[140],"framework":[141],"(coupling":[142],"Simulation":[144],"Urban":[146],"MObility":[147],"(SUMO)":[148],"Network":[150],"Simulator":[151],"3":[152],"(ns-3)":[153],"tools).":[154],"The":[155,218],"proposed":[156],"system":[157],"performed":[158],"well":[159],"two":[161],"different":[162],"scenarios:":[163],"Scenario":[165,197],"A,":[166],"predicted":[168,200],"96%":[169],"collisions,":[172,204],"averaging":[173],"4.53":[174],"s":[175,208],"Average":[177],"Prediction":[178],"Time":[179],"(s)":[180],"(APT)":[181],"Correct":[185],"Decision":[186],"Percentage":[187],"(CDP)":[188],"41%":[190],"78":[192],"False":[193],"Positives":[194],"(FPs);":[195],"B,":[198],"95%":[201],"4.44":[207],"APT,":[209],"while":[210],"CDP":[212],"was":[213],"43%":[214],"68":[216],"FPs.":[217],"results":[219],"show":[220],"effectiveness":[222],"approach:":[225],"ML":[227],"methods":[228],"V2X":[230],"allowed":[232],"most":[236],"simulated":[239],"accidents.":[240],"Nonetheless,":[241],"presence":[243],"relatively":[246],"number":[248],"FPs":[250],"does":[251],"not":[252],"allow":[253],"usage":[256],"<i>automatic</i>":[258],"features":[260],"(e.g.,":[261],"emergency":[262],"breaking":[263],"passenger":[266],"vehicles);":[267],"thus,":[268],"avoidance":[270],"must":[271],"achieved":[273],"<i>manually</i>":[274],"drivers.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
