{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317538615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031202","title":"Rain Discrimination with Machine Learning Classifiers for Opportunistic Rain Detection System Using Satellite Micro-Wave Links","display_name":"Rain Discrimination with Machine Learning Classifiers for Opportunistic Rain Detection System Using Satellite Micro-Wave Links","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317538615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031202","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1202/pdf?version=1674464641","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1202/pdf?version=1674464641","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040826943","display_name":"Christian Gianoglio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-3923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Gianoglio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-3923","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040444413","display_name":"Ayham Alyosef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3478-7457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayham Alyosef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3478-7457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081618381","display_name":"Matteo Colli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5165-4827"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Colli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artys, Darts Engineering Srl, 16121 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5165-4827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artys, Darts Engineering Srl, 16121 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062872707","display_name":"Sara Zani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2136-7779"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Zani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artys, Darts Engineering Srl, 16121 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2136-7779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artys, Darts Engineering Srl, 16121 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059271285","display_name":"Daniele D. Caviglia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-1869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniele D. Caviglia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), 43124 Genova, Italy","Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-1869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), 43124 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059271285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310","https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.2271,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91504163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1202","last_page":"1202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.732143759727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6454073786735535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6134735345840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5986385345458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.559783399105072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5572441816329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5390474200248718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5132665634155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.42064934968948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3733881711959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3395153284072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15014415979385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11795312166213989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.732143759727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6454073786735535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6134735345840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5986385345458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.559783399105072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5572441816329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5390474200248718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5132665634155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.42064934968948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3733881711959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3395153284072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15014415979385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11795312166213989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1202/pdf?version=1674464641","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36772241","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1110068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1110068","pdf_url":"https://iris.unige.it/bitstream/11567/1110068/1/sensors-23-01202-v2%20%281%29.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9920147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9920147","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9920147/pdf/sensors-23-01202.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a40b749bc40e41259f9e3061fca90712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a40b749bc40e41259f9e3061fca90712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 1202 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/3/1202/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 3; Pages: 1202","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1202/pdf?version=1674464641","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322754","display_name":"Kansainv\u00e4lisen Liikkuvuuden ja Yhteisty\u00f6n Keskus","ror":"https://ror.org/00wj0f678"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324499","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4317538615.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996020380","https://openalex.org/W2041088312","https://openalex.org/W2062656075","https://openalex.org/W2068997972","https://openalex.org/W2087347434","https://openalex.org/W2151339364","https://openalex.org/W2154432116","https://openalex.org/W2166601319","https://openalex.org/W2168154726","https://openalex.org/W2587446396","https://openalex.org/W2745029714","https://openalex.org/W2761834128","https://openalex.org/W2800862417","https://openalex.org/W2893577371","https://openalex.org/W2902640376","https://openalex.org/W2944471310","https://openalex.org/W2963361071","https://openalex.org/W2966728679","https://openalex.org/W2996022706","https://openalex.org/W2998003141","https://openalex.org/W3011245412","https://openalex.org/W3013806117","https://openalex.org/W3037522639","https://openalex.org/W3092248103","https://openalex.org/W3094212291","https://openalex.org/W3112688493","https://openalex.org/W3114184109","https://openalex.org/W3115028614","https://openalex.org/W3117958729","https://openalex.org/W3197961413","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W6677417920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321636153","https://openalex.org/W4377964522","https://openalex.org/W3195168932","https://openalex.org/W4386072274","https://openalex.org/W4386123260","https://openalex.org/W4383535405","https://openalex.org/W4381414210","https://openalex.org/W4384345534","https://openalex.org/W4308191010","https://openalex.org/W3034132578"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,5,21,47,89,100,103,116,123,162,174,199,210,226,231],"climate":[2],"change":[3],"scenario":[4],"world":[6],"is":[7,25,88,99,107],"facing,":[8],"extreme":[9],"weather":[10],"events":[11,131],"can":[12],"lead":[13],"to":[14,29,43,81,128],"increasingly":[15],"serious":[16],"disasters.":[17],"To":[18],"improve":[19],"managing":[20],"consequent":[22],"risks,":[23],"there":[24],"a":[26,68,140,146,159,195],"pressing":[27],"need":[28],"have":[30,63,135],"real-time":[31,71],"systems":[32],"that":[33,225],"provide":[34],"accurate":[35],"monitoring":[36],"and":[37,53,93,134,144,185,202],"possibly":[38],"forecasting":[39],"which":[40,106],"could":[41],"help":[42],"warn":[44],"people":[45],"in":[46],"affected":[48],"areas":[49],"ahead":[50],"of":[51,91,102,198,207],"time":[52],"save":[54],"them":[55],"from":[56,209],"hazards.":[57],"The":[58,85,96,221],"oblique":[59],"earth-space":[60],"links":[61],"(OELs)":[62],"been":[64,136],"used":[65,133,154],"recently":[66],"as":[67,155],"method":[69],"for":[70,111],"rainfall":[72,113],"detection.":[73],"This":[74,118],"technique":[75],"poses":[76],"two":[77,204],"main":[78],"issues":[79],"related":[80],"its":[82],"indirect":[83],"nature.":[84],"first":[86,124],"one":[87,98],"classification":[90],"rainy":[92],"non-rainy":[94],"periods.":[95],"second":[97],"determination":[101],"attenuation":[104],"baseline,":[105],"an":[108],"essential":[109],"reference":[110],"estimating":[112],"intensity":[114],"along":[115],"link.":[117],"work":[119],"focuses":[120],"mainly":[121],"on":[122],"issue.":[125],"Data":[126],"referring":[127],"eighteen":[129],"rain":[130,149],"were":[132,192],"collected":[137],"by":[138,165],"analyzing":[139],"satellite-to-earth":[141],"link":[142,212],"quality":[143],"employing":[145],"tipping":[147],"bucket":[148],"gauge":[150],"(TBRG)":[151],"properly":[152],"positioned,":[153],"reference.":[156],"It":[157],"reports":[158],"comparison":[160],"among":[161],"results":[163,223],"obtained":[164],"applying":[166],"four":[167],"different":[168,205,218],"machine":[169,177],"learning":[170],"(ML)":[171],"classifiers,":[172],"namely":[173],"support":[175],"vector":[176],"(SVM),":[178],"neural":[179],"network":[180],"(NN),":[181],"random":[182],"forest":[183],"(RF),":[184],"decision":[186],"tree":[187],"(DT).":[188],"Various":[189],"data":[190],"arrangements":[191],"explored,":[193],"using":[194],"preprocessed":[196],"version":[197],"TBRG":[200],"data,":[201,213],"extracting":[203],"sets":[206],"characteristics":[208],"microwave":[211],"containing":[214],"6":[215],"or":[216],"12":[217],"features,":[219],"respectively.":[220],"achieved":[222],"demonstrate":[224],"NN":[227],"classifier":[228],"has":[229],"outperformed":[230],"other":[232],"classifiers.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
