{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4316466905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020955","title":"Velocity Vector Estimation of Two-Dimensional Flow Field Based on STIV","display_name":"Velocity Vector Estimation of Two-Dimensional Flow Field Based on STIV","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4316466905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020955","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020955","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/955/pdf?version=1673857655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/955/pdf?version=1673857655","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052842791","display_name":"Jianghuai Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6195-3225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianghuai Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6195-3225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085214820","display_name":"Xiaohong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0660-0088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044705241","display_name":"Jianping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-0452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-0452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044705241"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.0581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93527875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"955","last_page":"955"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.642837405204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.6332935690879822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5687952637672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.5449347496032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5220910310745239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4967997372150421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.47380226850509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-image-velocimetry","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","score":0.4485420882701874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-field","display_name":"Vector field","score":0.41585391759872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.32825368642807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.29509127140045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27349936962127686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17027315497398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.13984030485153198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.642837405204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6332935690879822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5687952637672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5449347496032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5220910310745239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4967997372150421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.47380226850509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207857233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756248","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","level":3,"score":0.4485420882701874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91188154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186247","display_name":"Vector field","level":2,"score":0.41585391759872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.32825368642807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29509127140045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27349936962127686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17027315497398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.13984030485153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012212","descriptor_name":"Rheology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012212","descriptor_name":"Rheology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012212","descriptor_name":"Rheology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016013","descriptor_name":"Likelihood Functions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016013","descriptor_name":"Likelihood Functions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016013","descriptor_name":"Likelihood Functions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020955","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/955/pdf?version=1673857655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36679751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9861135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9861135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3832178350c44c1b8f090a92f565606c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3832178350c44c1b8f090a92f565606c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 2, p 955 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/2/955/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 2; Pages: 955","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020955","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/955/pdf?version=1673857655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4316466905.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980875499","https://openalex.org/W2006907724","https://openalex.org/W2071047879","https://openalex.org/W2151821220","https://openalex.org/W2326599256","https://openalex.org/W2508626232","https://openalex.org/W2891286885","https://openalex.org/W2900732181","https://openalex.org/W2902440689","https://openalex.org/W2904718222","https://openalex.org/W2969336218","https://openalex.org/W2991924706","https://openalex.org/W2992687925","https://openalex.org/W2997454757","https://openalex.org/W3012448083","https://openalex.org/W3029387799","https://openalex.org/W3107217972","https://openalex.org/W3111471035","https://openalex.org/W3173445106","https://openalex.org/W3187234988","https://openalex.org/W3188347769","https://openalex.org/W4224716445","https://openalex.org/W6701422391","https://openalex.org/W6771197767"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015101125","https://openalex.org/W1968717452","https://openalex.org/W2089534705","https://openalex.org/W2038527034","https://openalex.org/W2995159265","https://openalex.org/W2086461255","https://openalex.org/W2086260084","https://openalex.org/W1970995063","https://openalex.org/W4250833310","https://openalex.org/W1824841994"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"an":[1,10,23],"important":[2],"part":[3],"of":[4,18,29,36,57,63,67,73,79,100,116,124,163,177,224,243],"hydrometry,":[5],"river":[6,30,86],"discharge":[7,252],"monitoring":[8],"plays":[9],"irreplaceable":[11],"role":[12],"in":[13,94,107,246],"the":[14,51,58,61,64,71,77,84,90,95,108,113,117,122,145,161,164,169,175,178,181,186,194,198,201,212,217,222,235,241,247,257],"planning":[15],"and":[16,21,26,39,70,89,102,126,174,185,215,226,250,256],"management":[17],"water":[19],"resources":[20],"is":[22,60,135,141,157,207,253,260],"essential":[24],"element":[25],"necessary":[27],"means":[28],"management.":[31],"Due":[32],"to":[33,83,121,143,159,191,196,209,220],"its":[34],"benefits":[35],"simplicity,":[37],"efficiency":[38],"safety,":[40],"Space-Time":[41],"Image":[42],"Velocimetry":[43],"(STIV)":[44],"has":[45],"attracted":[46],"attention":[47],"from":[48],"all":[49],"around":[50],"world.":[52],"The":[53,228],"most":[54],"crucial":[55],"component":[56],"STIV":[59],"detection":[62,74,114],"Main":[65],"Orientation":[66],"Texture":[68],"(MOT),":[69],"precision":[72],"directly":[75],"affects":[76,112],"results":[78,115,230],"calculations.":[80],"However,":[81],"due":[82],"complicated":[85],"flow":[87,251],"characteristics":[88],"harsh":[91],"testing":[92],"environment":[93],"field,":[96],"a":[97,129,151],"large":[98],"amount":[99],"noise":[101,125,182,195,213],"interfering":[103],"textures":[104],"show":[105,231],"up":[106],"space-time":[109],"images,":[110,180],"which":[111],"MOT.":[118],"In":[119],"response":[120],"shortage":[123],"interference":[127],"texture,":[128],"new":[130],"non-contact":[131],"image":[132,238],"analysis":[133],"method":[134,245],"developed.":[136],"Firstly,":[137],"Multi-scale":[138],"Retinex":[139],"(MSR)":[140],"proposed":[142],"pre-process":[144],"images":[146],"for":[147],"contrast":[148],"enhancement;":[149],"secondly,":[150],"fourth-order":[152],"Gaussian":[153],"derivative":[154],"steerable":[155],"filter":[156,192,210],"employed":[158],"enhance":[160],"structure":[162],"texture;":[165],"next,":[166],"based":[167],"on":[168],"probability":[170],"density":[171],"distribution":[172],"function":[173,184,188],"orientations":[176,219],"enhanced":[179],"suppression":[183],"orientation-filtering":[187],"are":[189],"designed":[190],"out":[193,211],"highlight":[197],"texture.":[199],"Finally,":[200],"Fourier":[202],"Maximum":[203],"Angle":[204],"Analysis":[205],"(FMAA)":[206],"used":[208,237],"further":[214],"obtain":[216],"clear":[218],"achieve":[221],"measurement":[223],"velocity":[225,249],"discharge.":[227],"experimental":[229],"that,":[232],"compared":[233],"with":[234],"widely":[236],"velocimetry":[239],"measurements,":[240],"accuracy":[242],"our":[244],"average":[248],"significantly":[254],"improved,":[255],"real-time":[258],"performance":[259],"excellent.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
