{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315864612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020938","title":"Force-Moment Sensor for Prosthesis Structural Load Measurement","display_name":"Force-Moment Sensor for Prosthesis Structural Load Measurement","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315864612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020938","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020938","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/938/pdf?version=1673605162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/938/pdf?version=1673605162","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060359157","display_name":"Md Rejwanul Haque","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Rejwanul Haque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5212-8538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058129180","display_name":"Greg Berkeley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Berkeley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101636783","display_name":"Xiangrong Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8984-3861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangrong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101636783"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.7436,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65527474,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"938","last_page":"938"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-gauge","display_name":"Strain gauge","score":0.7990245819091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deflection","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","score":0.6748928427696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.5057339668273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-cell","display_name":"Load cell","score":0.49672800302505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4586513042449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bending-moment","display_name":"Bending moment","score":0.4490337371826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.4407583773136139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4364895224571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moment","display_name":"Moment (physics)","score":0.4227452874183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37974560260772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3770172894001007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.26300540566444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10945963859558105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60584519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610723","display_name":"Strain gauge","level":2,"score":0.7990245819091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6748928427696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.5057339668273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145991859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1561445","display_name":"Load cell","level":2,"score":0.49672800302505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4586513042449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70673446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857244","display_name":"Bending moment","level":2,"score":0.4490337371826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4407583773136139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4364895224571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179254644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4227452874183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37974560260772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3770172894001007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.26300540566444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10945963859558105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001186","descriptor_name":"Artificial Limbs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001186","descriptor_name":"Artificial Limbs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001186","descriptor_name":"Artificial Limbs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011474","descriptor_name":"Prosthesis Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011474","descriptor_name":"Prosthesis Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011474","descriptor_name":"Prosthesis Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019919","descriptor_name":"Prosthesis Implantation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019919","descriptor_name":"Prosthesis Implantation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019919","descriptor_name":"Prosthesis Implantation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035002","descriptor_name":"Lower Extremity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035002","descriptor_name":"Lower Extremity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035002","descriptor_name":"Lower Extremity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020938","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/938/pdf?version=1673605162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36679734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9861249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9861249","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9861249/pdf/sensors-23-00938.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db423abe7cc441edb8d4892bca206644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db423abe7cc441edb8d4892bca206644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 2, p 938 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/2/938/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 2; Pages: 938","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020938","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/938/pdf?version=1673605162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1736824546","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1351520","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2638097248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1734501","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315864612.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990443524","https://openalex.org/W2052029765","https://openalex.org/W2055290748","https://openalex.org/W2078457597","https://openalex.org/W2078610970","https://openalex.org/W2085172490","https://openalex.org/W2109135013","https://openalex.org/W2133639509","https://openalex.org/W2157867320","https://openalex.org/W2554906432","https://openalex.org/W2756106494","https://openalex.org/W2765468760","https://openalex.org/W2793950755","https://openalex.org/W2897676283","https://openalex.org/W2908965893","https://openalex.org/W2947998798","https://openalex.org/W4239332446"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132601564","https://openalex.org/W2323926026","https://openalex.org/W2066800282","https://openalex.org/W1999880312","https://openalex.org/W3034557643","https://openalex.org/W580033287","https://openalex.org/W2173792246","https://openalex.org/W1450165293","https://openalex.org/W3171636751","https://openalex.org/W2991639048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Measurement":[0],"of":[1,13,27,35,87,105,109,134,140,147,184,190,243],"prosthesis":[2,195,216],"structural":[3],"load,":[4],"as":[5,56,233],"an":[6,110],"important":[7,22,229],"way":[8],"to":[9,76,161,171,208,227],"quantify":[10],"the":[11,14,18,25,33,78,85,96,102,138,148,157,165,179,185,209,215,221,239],"interaction":[12],"amputee":[15],"user":[16],"with":[17],"environment,":[19],"may":[20,50,115],"serve":[21],"purposes":[23],"in":[24,40,84],"control":[26,242],"smart":[28],"lower-limb":[29,89,194,244],"prosthetic":[30],"devices.":[31],"However,":[32],"majority":[34],"existing":[36],"force":[37,80,94],"sensors":[38],"used":[39,226],"protheses":[41],"are":[42,120],"developed":[43,99],"based":[44,100],"on":[45,101],"strain":[46,92,139],"measurement":[47,158],"and":[48,59,81,113,125,187,204,236],"thus":[49],"suffer":[51],"from":[52,214],"multiple":[53],"issues":[54],"such":[55,128,155,232],"weak":[57],"signals":[58,118,223],"signal":[60],"drifting.":[61],"To":[62,177],"address":[63],"these":[64],"limitations,":[65],"this":[66],"paper":[67],"presents":[68],"a":[69,88,141,191,205],"novel":[70],"Force-Moment":[71],"Prosthesis":[72],"Load":[73],"Sensor":[74],"(FM-PLS)":[75],"measure":[77],"axial":[79],"bending":[82],"moment":[83],"structure":[86,167],"prosthesis.":[90],"Unlike":[91],"gauge-based":[93],"sensors,":[95],"FM-PLS":[97,186],"is":[98,131,159,168],"magnetic":[103],"sensing":[104],"small":[106],"(millimeter-scale)":[107],"deflection":[108,130],"elastic":[111],"element,":[112],"it":[114],"provide":[116],"stronger":[117],"that":[119,156,220],"more":[121],"robust":[122,169],"against":[123],"interferences":[124],"drifting":[126],"since":[127],"physical":[129],"several":[132],"orders":[133],"magnitude":[135],"greater":[136],"than":[137],"typical":[142],"load-bearing":[143],"structure.":[144],"The":[145],"design":[146],"sensor":[149,166,180,222],"incorporates":[150],"uniquely":[151],"curved":[152],"supporting":[153],"surfaces":[154],"sensitive":[160],"light":[162],"load":[163,174],"but":[164],"enough":[170],"withstand":[172],"heavy":[173],"without":[175],"damage.":[176],"validate":[178],"performance,":[181],"benchtop":[182],"testing":[183,199],"walking":[188,217],"experiments":[189,218],"FM-PLS-embedded":[192],"robotic":[193],"were":[196],"conducted.":[197],"Benchtop":[198],"results":[200],"displayed":[201],"good":[202,206],"linearity":[203],"match":[207],"numerical":[210],"simulation":[211],"results.":[212],"Results":[213],"showed":[219],"can":[224],"be":[225],"detect":[228],"gaits":[230],"events":[231],"heel":[234],"strike":[235],"toe-off,":[237],"facilitating":[238],"reliable":[240],"motion":[241],"prostheses.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
