{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317243162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020733","title":"Automatic Verification and Execution of Cyber Attack on IoT Devices","display_name":"Automatic Verification and Execution of Cyber Attack on IoT Devices","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317243162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020733","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/733/pdf?version=1673254505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/733/pdf?version=1673254505","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097926412","display_name":"Fartein F\u00e6r\u00f8y","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fartein F\u00e6r\u00f8y","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012245263","display_name":"Muhammad Mudassar Yamin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-7613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Yamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000342593","display_name":"Ankur Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6737-2031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130438513","display_name":"Institute for Energy Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqtg033","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130438513"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Energy Technology, Os alle 5, 1777 Halden, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6737-2031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Energy Technology, Os alle 5, 1777 Halden, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130438513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035810461","display_name":"Basel Katt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-9496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basel Katt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-9496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012245263"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.8011,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90283923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"733","last_page":"733"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.9195013046264648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7482903003692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6897353529930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6651297807693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.6302545070648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4529380798339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.28396767377853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14478179812431335}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.9195013046264648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7482903003692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6897353529930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6651297807693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.6302545070648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4529380798339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.28396767377853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14478179812431335}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/733/pdf?version=1673254505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36679532","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679532","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9864476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9864476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:58115e1c27614585becffa838ce36dc2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/58115e1c27614585becffa838ce36dc2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 2, p 733 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/2/733/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 2; Pages: 733","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/3053886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3053886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/733/pdf?version=1673254505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3800646827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"329062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4317243162.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W598119716","https://openalex.org/W1518563014","https://openalex.org/W2055072835","https://openalex.org/W2070223635","https://openalex.org/W2115618531","https://openalex.org/W2124621264","https://openalex.org/W2167685423","https://openalex.org/W2278966593","https://openalex.org/W2331904237","https://openalex.org/W2557342146","https://openalex.org/W2575200128","https://openalex.org/W2602419379","https://openalex.org/W2733765803","https://openalex.org/W2767098552","https://openalex.org/W2770853550","https://openalex.org/W2798647495","https://openalex.org/W2914300170","https://openalex.org/W2947515695","https://openalex.org/W2961934743","https://openalex.org/W2980131799","https://openalex.org/W2982332241","https://openalex.org/W3006171966","https://openalex.org/W3021649193","https://openalex.org/W3023549882","https://openalex.org/W3034108447","https://openalex.org/W3035742500","https://openalex.org/W3086562706","https://openalex.org/W3094485976","https://openalex.org/W3100131560","https://openalex.org/W3111905620","https://openalex.org/W3116340568","https://openalex.org/W3133845627","https://openalex.org/W3135313124","https://openalex.org/W3138021179","https://openalex.org/W3153510154","https://openalex.org/W3196878016","https://openalex.org/W4210629855","https://openalex.org/W4283751131","https://openalex.org/W4293765664","https://openalex.org/W6664115320","https://openalex.org/W6702328223","https://openalex.org/W6730450278","https://openalex.org/W6743493502","https://openalex.org/W6779847610","https://openalex.org/W6782966599","https://openalex.org/W6839229959","https://openalex.org/W7048958771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979706594","https://openalex.org/W3159690896","https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W2945572725","https://openalex.org/W1989286518","https://openalex.org/W2921012173","https://openalex.org/W2758517546","https://openalex.org/W3134680667","https://openalex.org/W2804396347","https://openalex.org/W3048799479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,9,54,72,89,97],"Things":[2],"(IoT)":[3],"devices":[4,74,99],"are":[5,20,42,197],"becoming":[6],"a":[7,87,165],"part":[8],"our":[10,218],"daily":[11],"life;":[12],"from":[13],"health":[14],"monitors":[15],"to":[16,31,51,69,178],"critical":[17],"infrastructure,":[18],"they":[19,211],"used":[21,50,177,205],"everywhere.":[22],"This":[23,56,102],"makes":[24],"them":[25],"ideal":[26],"targets":[27],"for":[28,33,122,139,186],"malicious":[29],"actors":[30],"exploit":[32,52],"nefarious":[34],"purposes.":[35],"Recent":[36],"attacks":[37,125],"like":[38],"the":[39,172],"Mirai":[40],"botnet":[41],"just":[43],"examples":[44],"in":[45,126,161,199,206],"which":[46],"default":[47],"credentials":[48],"were":[49,120],"thousands":[53],"devices.":[55,82,112,163,188],"raises":[57],"major":[58],"concerns":[59],"about":[60],"IoT":[61,73,81,98,111,142,162,187,207],"device":[62],"security.":[63],"In":[64,113,189],"this":[65],"work,":[66],"we":[67,146,168,191],"aimed":[68],"investigate":[70],"security":[71,91],"through":[75,217],"performing":[76,140],"automatic":[77],"penetration":[78,84,108,143,183],"test":[79,85],"on":[80,110],"A":[83],"is":[86,100],"way":[88],"detecting":[90],"problems,":[92],"but":[93],"manually":[94],"testing":[95,109,184],"billions":[96],"infeasible.":[101],"work":[103],"has":[104],"therefore":[105],"examined":[106],"autonomous":[107,141,182],"recent":[114],"studies,":[115],"automated":[116,124],"attack":[117],"execution":[118],"models":[119,135,174],"developed":[121,219],"modeling":[123],"cyber":[127],"ranges.":[128],"We":[129],"have":[130,147,169,192],"(1)":[131],"investigated":[132,149],"how":[133],"such":[134,173],"can":[136,175,212],"be":[137,176,213],"applied":[138],"testing.":[144],"Furthermore,":[145],"(2)":[148],"if":[150],"some":[151],"well":[152],"known":[153],"and":[154,180,201,209],"severe":[155],"Wi-Fi":[156],"related":[157],"vulnerabilities":[158,196],"still":[159],"exist":[160],"Through":[164],"case":[166],"study,":[167],"shown":[170],"that":[171,194,210],"model":[179],"design":[181],"agents":[185],"addition,":[190],"demonstrated":[193],"well-known":[195],"present":[198],"deployed":[200],"currently":[202],"sold":[203],"products":[204],"devices,":[208],"both":[214],"autonomously":[215],"revealed":[216],"system.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
