{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313894532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020714","title":"Influence of Differences in the Density of Seawater on the Measurement of the Underwater Gravity Gradient","display_name":"Influence of Differences in the Density of Seawater on the Measurement of the Underwater Gravity Gradient","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313894532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020714","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020714","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/714/pdf?version=1673168435","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/714/pdf?version=1673168435","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030182876","display_name":"Pengfei Xian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Xian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008994992","display_name":"Bing Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5176-8314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bing Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5176-8314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046853018","display_name":"Shaofeng Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1919-2746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaofeng Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072568635","display_name":"Jingwen Zong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5424-599X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwen Zong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100375922","display_name":"Tao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3708-7755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008994992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"fwci":1.5018,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78771293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"714","last_page":"714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seawater","display_name":"Seawater","score":0.9447839260101318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-gradient","display_name":"Density gradient","score":0.6605753302574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.6058254241943359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4845396876335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latitude","display_name":"Latitude","score":0.4706615209579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bathymetry","display_name":"Bathymetry","score":0.4412384629249573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specific-gravity","display_name":"Specific gravity","score":0.4377620220184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermocline","display_name":"Thermocline","score":0.4177304804325104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.41450950503349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.4125273823738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3268846869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineralogy","display_name":"Mineralogy","score":0.2271781861782074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.22462251782417297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.06519535183906555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197248824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184395","display_name":"Seawater","level":2,"score":0.9447839260101318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778892434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1871401","display_name":"Density gradient","level":2,"score":0.6605753302574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6058254241943359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4845396876335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.4706615209579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174943157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810826","display_name":"Bathymetry","level":2,"score":0.4412384629249573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93656029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11027905","display_name":"Specific gravity","level":2,"score":0.4377620220184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105824904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849599","display_name":"Thermocline","level":2,"score":0.4177304804325104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.41450950503349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.4125273823738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3268846869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.2271781861782074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.22462251782417297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.06519535183906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006112","descriptor_name":"Gravitation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006112","descriptor_name":"Gravitation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006112","descriptor_name":"Gravitation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012623","descriptor_name":"Seawater","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012623","descriptor_name":"Seawater","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012623","descriptor_name":"Seawater","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013624","descriptor_name":"Taiwan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013624","descriptor_name":"Taiwan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013624","descriptor_name":"Taiwan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014867","descriptor_name":"Water","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014867","descriptor_name":"Water","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014867","descriptor_name":"Water","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020714","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/714/pdf?version=1673168435","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36679510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9865657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9865657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6c85f9d63c9e47c9b0a5533606abf460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6c85f9d63c9e47c9b0a5533606abf460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 2, p 714 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020714","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/714/pdf?version=1673168435","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2187586418","display_name":"\u6df1\u8fdc\u6d77AUV\u91cd\u529b/\u91cd\u529b\u68af\u5ea6\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0e\u63a2\u6d4b\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41874091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6457507649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42122025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7585189516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42174051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313894532.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313894532.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037258221","https://openalex.org/W2080034186","https://openalex.org/W2091332889","https://openalex.org/W2107287123","https://openalex.org/W2150691677","https://openalex.org/W2151165946","https://openalex.org/W2382490214","https://openalex.org/W2801135722","https://openalex.org/W2810575147","https://openalex.org/W3038373944","https://openalex.org/W3120328461","https://openalex.org/W3201224920","https://openalex.org/W4289520915","https://openalex.org/W6607424054","https://openalex.org/W6780314479","https://openalex.org/W6787914307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3140049268","https://openalex.org/W3143726215","https://openalex.org/W2990347991","https://openalex.org/W2015283815","https://openalex.org/W4200223837","https://openalex.org/W3141361052","https://openalex.org/W2373233117","https://openalex.org/W2049276457","https://openalex.org/W3142903446","https://openalex.org/W3151176175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,42],"preparing":[1],"gravity":[2,56,98,108,127,166],"gradient":[3,57,99,109,128,167],"reference":[4,168],"maps":[5],"for":[6,17,65,132,152],"navigation":[7],"purposes,":[8],"researchers":[9],"have":[10],"tended":[11],"to":[12,34,52,87,102,160,176],"use":[13],"a":[14,28,111,115,165],"constant":[15,89,116,186],"value":[16],"the":[18,23,35,45,54,60,88,94,97,104,107,123,126,138,141,144,147,153,179],"density":[19,26,81,91,156,181],"of":[20,37,63,74,113,143,146],"seawater.":[21],"However,":[22],"actual":[24],"seawater":[25,64,68,80,90,117,155,180],"at":[27,134],"particular":[29],"location":[30],"may":[31],"vary":[32],"due":[33],"effects":[36],"longitude,":[38],"latitude":[39],"and":[40,93,150],"bathymetry.":[41],"this":[43,77],"study,":[44],"right":[46],"rectangular":[47],"prism":[48],"method":[49],"was":[50,100,158],"used":[51,84],"calculate":[53],"disturbing":[55],"caused":[58],"by":[59],"mass":[61],"deficiency":[62],"three":[66],"different":[67],"profiles":[69],"in":[70,96,106,125],"an":[71],"area":[72],"east":[73],"Taiwan.":[75],"For":[76],"purpose,":[78],"two":[79],"models":[82],"were":[83],"as":[85,110,185],"alternatives":[86],"model,":[92],"alteration":[95],"calculated":[101],"quantify":[103],"error":[105,124,145],"result":[112],"using":[114],"density.":[118],"The":[119],"results":[120],"demonstrated":[121],"that":[122,151],"can":[129],"reach":[130],"1E":[131,174],"water":[133],"large":[135],"depths.":[136],"Moreover,":[137],"difference":[139],"between":[140],"amplitude":[142],"corrected":[148],"thermocline":[149],"uncorrected":[154],"model":[157],"found":[159],"be":[161,177,183],"quite":[162],"small.":[163],"If":[164],"map":[169],"with":[170],"accuracy":[171],"better":[172],"than":[173],"is":[175],"realized,":[178],"cannot":[182],"taken":[184],"during":[187],"forward":[188],"modeling.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}