{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313582017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020586","title":"CTD Sensors for Ocean Investigation Including State of Art and Commercially Available","display_name":"CTD Sensors for Ocean Investigation Including State of Art and Commercially Available","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313582017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020586","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020586","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/586/pdf?version=1672828724","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/586/pdf?version=1672828724","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104098873","display_name":"Shiyu Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149211","display_name":"Institute of Semiconductors","ror":"https://ror.org/048dd0611","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210149211"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149211","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349273","display_name":"Mingliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6421-7730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149211","display_name":"Institute of Semiconductors","ror":"https://ror.org/048dd0611","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210149211"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingliang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149211","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406056","display_name":"Changhua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-5364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266031, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022156230","display_name":"Chongwen Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6807-9526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongwen Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory for Computational Fluid Dynamics, School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6807-9526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory for Computational Fluid Dynamics, School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382697","display_name":"Xiaodong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-1358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089056","display_name":"Beijing Microelectronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007y7ej30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149211","display_name":"Institute of Semiconductors","ror":"https://ror.org/048dd0611","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210149211"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150858","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04nqf9k60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China","Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China","College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-1358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149211","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100516516","display_name":"Fuhua Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089056","display_name":"Beijing Microelectronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007y7ej30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149211","display_name":"Institute of Semiconductors","ror":"https://ror.org/048dd0611","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210149211"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150858","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04nqf9k60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuhua Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China","Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China","College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Integrated Technology, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149211","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100349273"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210149211","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":10.4358,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9890645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"586","last_page":"586"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9440000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ctd","display_name":"CTD","score":0.9956780672073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4834176301956177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.44513261318206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-temperature","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","score":0.44052591919898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-oceanography","display_name":"Physical oceanography","score":0.4290546178817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.4115658104419708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3287019729614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.287742018699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10822814702987671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125533998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1024499","display_name":"CTD","level":2,"score":0.9956780672073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4834176301956177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.44513261318206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.44052591919898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60500638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337681","display_name":"Physical oceanography","level":2,"score":0.4290546178817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.4115658104419708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3287019729614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.287742018699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10822814702987671}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004560","descriptor_name":"Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009792","descriptor_name":"Oceans and Seas","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014887","descriptor_name":"Weather","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020586","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/586/pdf?version=1672828724","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36679382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36679382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9867478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9867478","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9867478/pdf/sensors-23-00586.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7854e68a276547dabdb5b4a827807958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7854e68a276547dabdb5b4a827807958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 2, p 586 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/2/586/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 2; Pages: 586","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23020586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020586","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/586/pdf?version=1672828724","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1051341588","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDB43020500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4800003961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5003478744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YJKYYQ20210027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5308791694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC3104302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7103473763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11972061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7177811350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDB43020500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7605641181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YJKYYQ20200002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7836194523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDB43020500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313582017.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":110,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1121025118","https://openalex.org/W1503750564","https://openalex.org/W1968573212","https://openalex.org/W1973174653","https://openalex.org/W1973566831","https://openalex.org/W1974679953","https://openalex.org/W1975585186","https://openalex.org/W1997789348","https://openalex.org/W1999563420","https://openalex.org/W2001557877","https://openalex.org/W2007068003","https://openalex.org/W2009554926","https://openalex.org/W2017635899","https://openalex.org/W2026696311","https://openalex.org/W2033426514","https://openalex.org/W2038651270","https://openalex.org/W2042441190","https://openalex.org/W2046228262","https://openalex.org/W2048913994","https://openalex.org/W2049899250","https://openalex.org/W2054380479","https://openalex.org/W2068560213","https://openalex.org/W2076710157","https://openalex.org/W2079472124","https://openalex.org/W2086438398","https://openalex.org/W2089044118","https://openalex.org/W2095646589","https://openalex.org/W2115240734","https://openalex.org/W2116715461","https://openalex.org/W2127285941","https://openalex.org/W2134290445","https://openalex.org/W2155148583","https://openalex.org/W2175081364","https://openalex.org/W2198723873","https://openalex.org/W2253347676","https://openalex.org/W2272850945","https://openalex.org/W2275061410","https://openalex.org/W2300672193","https://openalex.org/W2388524112","https://openalex.org/W2391651082","https://openalex.org/W2393995561","https://openalex.org/W2475145897","https://openalex.org/W2480390762","https://openalex.org/W2485503551","https://openalex.org/W2485967447","https://openalex.org/W2511416630","https://openalex.org/W2559857784","https://openalex.org/W2564273747","https://openalex.org/W2607326664","https://openalex.org/W2737000711","https://openalex.org/W2765919969","https://openalex.org/W2768119581","https://openalex.org/W2790939697","https://openalex.org/W2796286670","https://openalex.org/W2801148426","https://openalex.org/W2804811007","https://openalex.org/W2891149723","https://openalex.org/W2891569747","https://openalex.org/W2899372062","https://openalex.org/W2916846825","https://openalex.org/W2953738628","https://openalex.org/W2954165513","https://openalex.org/W2955651650","https://openalex.org/W2962089301","https://openalex.org/W2966323007","https://openalex.org/W2969951075","https://openalex.org/W2986914402","https://openalex.org/W2990539120","https://openalex.org/W2990873002","https://openalex.org/W2992470403","https://openalex.org/W2994975367","https://openalex.org/W2999476311","https://openalex.org/W2999954499","https://openalex.org/W3004723512","https://openalex.org/W3011468827","https://openalex.org/W3015542534","https://openalex.org/W3016758546","https://openalex.org/W3021624851","https://openalex.org/W3022742740","https://openalex.org/W3024972486","https://openalex.org/W3030562132","https://openalex.org/W3047255822","https://openalex.org/W3083098279","https://openalex.org/W3086168288","https://openalex.org/W3097249714","https://openalex.org/W3100502084","https://openalex.org/W3126944898","https://openalex.org/W3179187454","https://openalex.org/W3185733314","https://openalex.org/W3198865265","https://openalex.org/W3199266085","https://openalex.org/W3202979787","https://openalex.org/W3203898637","https://openalex.org/W3205598183","https://openalex.org/W3210859328","https://openalex.org/W3214236042","https://openalex.org/W4200588511","https://openalex.org/W4205171601","https://openalex.org/W4213283926","https://openalex.org/W4220939375","https://openalex.org/W4225680884","https://openalex.org/W4229454336","https://openalex.org/W4239349201","https://openalex.org/W4285049669","https://openalex.org/W4285305156","https://openalex.org/W4285802442","https://openalex.org/W4286433441","https://openalex.org/W4310147726","https://openalex.org/W6765711112","https://openalex.org/W6770802342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2755431764","https://openalex.org/W3043861170","https://openalex.org/W2754910200","https://openalex.org/W2944003075","https://openalex.org/W2761710411","https://openalex.org/W2761241423","https://openalex.org/W2756229685","https://openalex.org/W2923438026","https://openalex.org/W2472362148","https://openalex.org/W2299824618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"70%":[1],"of":[2,16,53,66,93,101,109,134],"the":[3,21,49],"earth's":[4],"surface":[5],"is":[6,46],"covered":[7],"by":[8,86],"oceans;":[9],"globally,":[10],"oceans":[11],"provides":[12],"a":[13],"huge":[14],"source":[15],"wealth":[17],"to":[18,28],"humans.":[19],"In":[20],"literature,":[22],"several":[23],"sensors":[24,36,68,82,95,112,121,136],"have":[25,78],"been":[26,79],"developed":[27],"investigate":[29],"oceans.":[30],"Electrical":[31],"conductivity":[32],"temperature":[33],"depth":[34],"(CTD)":[35],"were":[37,113,122,128],"used":[38],"frequently":[39],"and":[40,51,62,75,107,124],"extensively.":[41],"Long-term":[42],"accurate":[43],"CTD":[44,67,81,94,111,120,135],"data":[45],"important":[47],"for":[48,56,137],"study":[50],"utilization":[52],"oceans,":[54],"e.g.,":[55],"weather":[57],"forecasting,":[58],"ecological":[59],"evolution,":[60],"fishery,":[61],"shipping.":[63],"Several":[64],"kinds":[65],"based":[69],"on":[70],"electrics,":[71],"optical,":[72],"acoustic":[73],"wave":[74],"radio":[76],"waves":[77],"developed.":[80],"are":[83,140],"often":[84],"utilized":[85],"measuring":[87],"electrical":[88],"signals.":[89],"The":[90,103,117],"latest":[91],"progress":[92],"will":[96],"be":[97],"presented":[98],"in":[99,115],"order":[100],"performance.":[102],"principles,":[104],"structure,":[105],"materials":[106],"properties":[108],"many":[110],"discussed":[114],"detail.":[116],"commercially":[118],"available":[119],"involved":[123],"their":[125],"respective":[126],"performances":[127],"compared.":[129],"Some":[130],"possible":[131],"development":[132],"directions":[133],"ocean":[138],"investigation":[139],"proposed.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T09:04:40.226872","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
