{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313472348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010451","title":"An IoT-Based Data-Driven Real-Time Monitoring System for Control of Heavy Metals to Ensure Optimal Lettuce Growth in Hydroponic Set-Ups","display_name":"An IoT-Based Data-Driven Real-Time Monitoring System for Control of Heavy Metals to Ensure Optimal Lettuce Growth in Hydroponic Set-Ups","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313472348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010451","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36617048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010451","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/451/pdf?version=1672909398","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/451/pdf?version=1672909398","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090356205","display_name":"Sambandh Bhusan Dhal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-4042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sambandh Bhusan Dhal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-4042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087953474","display_name":"Shikhadri Mahanta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9363-4245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187279525","display_name":"National Dairy Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ap5bg83","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I187279525"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shikhadri Mahanta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","Department of Dairy Technology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9363-4245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dairy Technology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187279525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080405588","display_name":"Jonathan Gumero","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Gumero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097527554","display_name":"Nick O\u2019Sullivan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick O\u2019Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029176142","display_name":"Morayo Soetan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morayo Soetan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053234847","display_name":"Julia Louis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Louis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072575188","display_name":"Krishna Chaitanya Gadepally","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna Chaitanya Gadepally","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034717468","display_name":"Snehadri Mahanta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187279525","display_name":"National Dairy Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ap5bg83","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I187279525"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Snehadri Mahanta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","Department of Dairy Technology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dairy Technology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187279525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064564564","display_name":"John Lusher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Lusher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075480787","display_name":"Stavros Kalafatis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stavros Kalafatis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090356205"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":12.4699,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98975493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"451","last_page":"451"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquaponics","display_name":"Aquaponics","score":0.7356959581375122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5243999361991882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4784160256385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.391674280166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37453263998031616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17231202125549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquaculture","display_name":"Aquaculture","score":0.14133742451667786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119850591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557542","display_name":"Aquaponics","level":4,"score":0.7356959581375122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5243999361991882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4784160256385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.391674280166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37453263998031616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17231202125549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86909935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188989","display_name":"Aquaculture","level":3,"score":0.14133742451667786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909208804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002118","descriptor_name":"Calcium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002118","descriptor_name":"Calcium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002118","descriptor_name":"Calcium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002118","descriptor_name":"Calcium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002118","descriptor_name":"Calcium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007501","descriptor_name":"Iron","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007501","descriptor_name":"Iron","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007501","descriptor_name":"Iron","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007501","descriptor_name":"Iron","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007501","descriptor_name":"Iron","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018527","descriptor_name":"Hydroponics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018527","descriptor_name":"Hydroponics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018527","descriptor_name":"Hydroponics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018527","descriptor_name":"Hydroponics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018527","descriptor_name":"Hydroponics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018545","descriptor_name":"Lactuca","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018545","descriptor_name":"Lactuca","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018545","descriptor_name":"Lactuca","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018545","descriptor_name":"Lactuca","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018545","descriptor_name":"Lactuca","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010451","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/451/pdf?version=1672909398","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36617048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36617048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9824838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9824838","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9824838/pdf/sensors-23-00451.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac703c809ad1416b84857de2773620d7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac703c809ad1416b84857de2773620d7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 1, p 451 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/1/451/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 1; Pages: 451","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010451","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/451/pdf?version=1672909398","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313472348.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966894972","https://openalex.org/W1985367344","https://openalex.org/W1987990859","https://openalex.org/W2000859438","https://openalex.org/W2011764011","https://openalex.org/W2057199951","https://openalex.org/W2071917538","https://openalex.org/W2096720035","https://openalex.org/W2102130348","https://openalex.org/W2117551896","https://openalex.org/W2118479482","https://openalex.org/W2134268891","https://openalex.org/W2156258253","https://openalex.org/W3093734210","https://openalex.org/W3095119505","https://openalex.org/W3096731251","https://openalex.org/W3120460349","https://openalex.org/W3155869130","https://openalex.org/W4205705859","https://openalex.org/W4210337290","https://openalex.org/W4214945450","https://openalex.org/W4229054687","https://openalex.org/W4247381405","https://openalex.org/W4248468727","https://openalex.org/W4285150885","https://openalex.org/W4293063320","https://openalex.org/W6839666916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4200109936","https://openalex.org/W4226035391","https://openalex.org/W4388488809","https://openalex.org/W2758332768","https://openalex.org/W2747398262","https://openalex.org/W3044299341","https://openalex.org/W3174210754"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heavy":[0],"metal":[1,48],"concentrations":[2,49,59],"that":[3],"must":[4],"be":[5,25,170],"maintained":[6],"in":[7,28,50,60,87,155,180],"aquaponic":[8,51,127],"environments":[9],"for":[10,19,45],"plant":[11],"growth":[12],"have":[13],"been":[14],"a":[15,29,37,73,91,106,113,122,139,181],"source":[16],"of":[17,108,150,161,175],"concern":[18],"many":[20],"decades,":[21],"as":[22,166],"they":[23],"cannot":[24],"completely":[26],"eliminated":[27],"commercial":[30],"set-up.":[31],"Our":[32,53],"goal":[33],"was":[34,90,135],"to":[35,72],"create":[36],"low-cost":[38],"real-time":[39],"smart":[40],"sensing":[41,56],"and":[42,67,69,118,153,164,168,177],"actuation":[43],"system":[44],"controlling":[46],"heavy":[47],"solutions.":[52],"solution":[54],"entails":[55],"the":[57,61,146,159],"nutrient":[58,101],"hydroponic":[62],"solution,":[63],"specifically":[64],"calcium,":[65],"sulfate,":[66],"phosphate,":[68],"sending":[70],"them":[71],"Machine":[74,95],"Learning":[75],"(ML)":[76],"model":[77],"hosted":[78,137],"on":[79,98,121,138],"an":[80,173],"Android":[81],"application.":[82],"The":[83,132],"ML":[84,133],"algorithm":[85,134],"used":[86],"this":[88],"case":[89],"Linear":[92],"Support":[93],"Vector":[94],"(Linear-SVM)":[96],"trained":[97],"top":[99],"three":[100,126],"predictors":[102],"chosen":[103],"after":[104],"applying":[105],"pipeline":[107],"Feature":[109],"Selection":[110],"methods":[111],"namely":[112],"pairwise":[114],"correlation":[115],"matrix,":[116],"ExtraTreesClassifier":[117],"Xgboost":[119],"classifier":[120],"dataset":[123],"recorded":[124],"from":[125,129],"farms":[128],"South-East":[130],"Texas.":[131],"then":[136,144],"cloud":[140],"platform":[141],"which":[142],"would":[143,169],"output":[145],"maximum":[147],"tolerable":[148],"levels":[149],"iron,":[151],"copper":[152],"zinc":[154],"real":[156],"time":[157],"using":[158,172],"concentration":[160],"phosphorus,":[162],"calcium":[163],"sulfur":[165],"inputs":[167],"controlled":[171],"array":[174],"dispensing":[176],"detecting":[178],"equipments":[179],"closed":[182],"loop":[183],"system.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}