{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313294780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010386","title":"Vision-Based Eye Image Classification for Ophthalmic Measurement Systems","display_name":"Vision-Based Eye Image Classification for Ophthalmic Measurement Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313294780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010386","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36616983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010386","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025639200","display_name":"Giovanni Gibertoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3312-3616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161797","display_name":"Ferrari (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p859a12","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Gibertoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy","Department of Engineering \"Enzo Ferrari\", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3312-3616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering \"Enzo Ferrari\", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054837437","display_name":"Guido Borghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2441-7524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Borghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2441-7524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086682881","display_name":"Luigi Rovati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161797","display_name":"Ferrari (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p859a12","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Rovati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy","Department of Engineering \"Enzo Ferrari\", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-3043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering \"Enzo Ferrari\", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025639200"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1773,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78213397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"386","last_page":"386"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6896390318870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6131030917167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumentation","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","score":0.5852738618850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4882209599018097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.46828505396842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37657299637794495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6896390318870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6131030917167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5852738618850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4882209599018097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.46828505396842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37657299637794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005123","descriptor_name":"Eye","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005123","descriptor_name":"Eye","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005123","descriptor_name":"Eye","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36616983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36616983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/913121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/913121","pdf_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/913121/2/sensors-23-00386-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1294625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1294625","pdf_url":"https://iris.unimore.it/bitstream/11380/1294625/1/sensors-23-00386-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7313ff6fc83d4f53a491989432abd6c4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7313ff6fc83d4f53a491989432abd6c4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 1, p 386 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/1/386/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 1; Pages: 386","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9823474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9823474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39364169","https://openalex.org/W1998707443","https://openalex.org/W2008056655","https://openalex.org/W2017617273","https://openalex.org/W2026639348","https://openalex.org/W2027718226","https://openalex.org/W2032378334","https://openalex.org/W2034250827","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2040336280","https://openalex.org/W2044176444","https://openalex.org/W2061477655","https://openalex.org/W2082874195","https://openalex.org/W2084120575","https://openalex.org/W2088252378","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2136138547","https://openalex.org/W2138302688","https://openalex.org/W2142704643","https://openalex.org/W2148791593","https://openalex.org/W2149497729","https://openalex.org/W2151592910","https://openalex.org/W2173098628","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2206167351","https://openalex.org/W2337095490","https://openalex.org/W2397023066","https://openalex.org/W2399676851","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2469369919","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2597934954","https://openalex.org/W2616952103","https://openalex.org/W2743391672","https://openalex.org/W2760917493","https://openalex.org/W2761448188","https://openalex.org/W2767051761","https://openalex.org/W2772246530","https://openalex.org/W2797061331","https://openalex.org/W2889334143","https://openalex.org/W2895535699","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2943640801","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2982029558","https://openalex.org/W2994251327","https://openalex.org/W2999734205","https://openalex.org/W3040625097","https://openalex.org/W3089046054","https://openalex.org/W3125655613","https://openalex.org/W3142772534","https://openalex.org/W3145460128","https://openalex.org/W3210728012","https://openalex.org/W3210899060","https://openalex.org/W3216185083","https://openalex.org/W4205376988","https://openalex.org/W4205868546","https://openalex.org/W4210621335","https://openalex.org/W4226286980","https://openalex.org/W4243150065","https://openalex.org/W4245681082","https://openalex.org/W4283715016","https://openalex.org/W4283733451","https://openalex.org/W4289824654","https://openalex.org/W4291653124","https://openalex.org/W4293154803","https://openalex.org/W4297632473","https://openalex.org/W4400134761","https://openalex.org/W6679520757","https://openalex.org/W6682073222","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6711844864","https://openalex.org/W6761810137","https://openalex.org/W6805809331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2775347418","https://openalex.org/W1969923398","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W3116076068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"accuracy":[1,128],"and":[2,36,45,63,90,159],"the":[3,47,70,78,85,97,113,121,130,140],"overall":[4],"performances":[5],"of":[6,12,30,49,72,96,101,126,129],"ophthalmic":[7,74,116],"instrumentation,":[8],"where":[9],"specific":[10],"analysis":[11],"eye":[13,104,131],"images":[14,105],"is":[15,143],"involved,":[16],"can":[17],"be":[18,146],"negatively":[19],"influenced":[20],"by":[21],"invalid":[22],"or":[23,32],"incorrect":[24],"frames":[25],"acquired":[26,111],"during":[27],"everyday":[28],"measurements":[29],"unaware":[31],"non-collaborative":[33],"human":[34],"patients":[35],"non-technical":[37],"operators.":[38],"Therefore,":[39],"in":[40,66,124,148,156],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"we":[43,88,119],"investigate":[44],"compare":[46],"adoption":[48],"several":[50],"vision-based":[51],"classification":[52,127],"algorithms":[53],"belonging":[54,106],"to":[55,68,107,145],"different":[56,109],"fields,":[57],"i.e.,":[58],"Machine":[59],"Learning,":[60,62],"Deep":[61],"Expert":[64],"Systems,":[65],"order":[67],"improve":[69],"performance":[71],"an":[73],"instrument":[75],"designed":[76,144],"for":[77],"Pupillary":[79],"Light":[80],"Reflex":[81],"measurement.":[82],"To":[83],"test":[84],"implemented":[86,147],"solutions,":[87],"collected":[89],"publicly":[91],"released":[92],"PopEYE":[93],"as":[94,133,135],"one":[95],"first":[98],"datasets":[99],"consisting":[100],"15":[102],"k":[103],"22":[108],"subjects":[110],"through":[112],"aforementioned":[114],"specialized":[115],"device.":[117],"Finally,":[118],"discuss":[120],"experimental":[122],"results":[123],"terms":[125],"status,":[132],"well":[134],"computational":[136,157],"load":[137],"analysis,":[138],"since":[139],"proposed":[141],"solution":[142],"embedded":[149],"boards,":[150],"which":[151],"have":[152],"limited":[153],"hardware":[154],"resources":[155],"power":[158],"memory":[160],"size.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
