{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313328669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010325","title":"Lock-In Thermal Test Simulation, Influence, and Optimum Cycle Period for Infrared Thermal Testing in Non-Destructive Testing","display_name":"Lock-In Thermal Test Simulation, Influence, and Optimum Cycle Period for Infrared Thermal Testing in Non-Destructive Testing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313328669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010325","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36616930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010325","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/325/pdf?version=1672230323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/325/pdf?version=1672230323","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111044360","display_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Ramos Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4146-6224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121509","display_name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Mangement","ror":"https://ror.org/02pk7c879","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213","https://openalex.org/I4210121509"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Ramos Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4146-6224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084994324","display_name":"M\u00e1rio Vaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-9608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121509","display_name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Mangement","ror":"https://ror.org/02pk7c879","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213","https://openalex.org/I4210121509"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1rio Vaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-9608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080876821","display_name":"Sofia Leite","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3999-2492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137384","display_name":"Centre for Health Technology and Services Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0434vme59","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137384"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Leite","raw_affiliation_strings":["CINTESIS\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3999-2492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CINTESIS\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025010907","display_name":"Joaquim Mendes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-1879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121509","display_name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Mangement","ror":"https://ror.org/02pk7c879","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213","https://openalex.org/I4210121509"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joaquim Mendes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-1879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121509"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111044360"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213","https://openalex.org/I4210121509"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3938,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53308508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"325","last_page":"325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13928","display_name":"Advanced Sensor Technologies Research","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.6513440012931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.577918529510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5612735152244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermography","display_name":"Thermography","score":0.45350244641304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4429056942462921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4396916627883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.38235899806022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.363244891166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.3519274592399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.31324946880340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26194387674331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2326871156692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.1581343710422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11689102649688721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.6513440012931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.577918529510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5612735152244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779222261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624587","display_name":"Thermography","level":3,"score":0.45350244641304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4429056942462921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4396916627883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.38235899806022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.363244891166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3519274592399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.31324946880340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26194387674331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2326871156692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.1581343710422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11689102649688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010325","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/325/pdf?version=1672230323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36616930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36616930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3dc52e26507b4a038a8a0614951848d4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3dc52e26507b4a038a8a0614951848d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 1, p 325 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/1/325/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 1; Pages: 325","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9824877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9824877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010325","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/325/pdf?version=1672230323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1885850072","display_name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics","funder_award_id":"UIDB/50022/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2631208622","display_name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics","funder_award_id":"UIDP/50022/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313328669.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W912647357","https://openalex.org/W1996819948","https://openalex.org/W2013489297","https://openalex.org/W2013987313","https://openalex.org/W2017480228","https://openalex.org/W2021598479","https://openalex.org/W2050247215","https://openalex.org/W2057288565","https://openalex.org/W2065055076","https://openalex.org/W2069756067","https://openalex.org/W2083141233","https://openalex.org/W2092931955","https://openalex.org/W2094850096","https://openalex.org/W2136727782","https://openalex.org/W2168144796","https://openalex.org/W2172777778","https://openalex.org/W2409971318","https://openalex.org/W2569304708","https://openalex.org/W2789375411","https://openalex.org/W2890226696","https://openalex.org/W2899720113","https://openalex.org/W2947233707","https://openalex.org/W2951732809","https://openalex.org/W2993868832","https://openalex.org/W2996623292","https://openalex.org/W3045858498","https://openalex.org/W3179652378","https://openalex.org/W3182720494","https://openalex.org/W3189775047","https://openalex.org/W3209919752","https://openalex.org/W4205791292","https://openalex.org/W4220734320","https://openalex.org/W4241888870","https://openalex.org/W4289169399","https://openalex.org/W4310222882","https://openalex.org/W4388311457","https://openalex.org/W6680260124","https://openalex.org/W6796890917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2224543647","https://openalex.org/W2514152378","https://openalex.org/W2141980482","https://openalex.org/W35959284","https://openalex.org/W4310007303","https://openalex.org/W2900544575","https://openalex.org/W2513461979","https://openalex.org/W2354340019","https://openalex.org/W2891762927","https://openalex.org/W4380319153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lock-in":[0],"thermal":[1],"tests":[2,49,147],"(LTTs)":[3],"are":[4],"one":[5],"of":[6,27,55,77,110],"the":[7,24,28,34,56,60,67,75,82,86,89,124,154],"best":[8],"ways":[9],"to":[10,52,66,116],"detect":[11],"defects":[12],"in":[13],"composite":[14],"materials.":[15],"The":[16,47,72,108],"parameter":[17],"that":[18],"most":[19],"affects":[20],"their":[21,78],"performance":[22],"is":[23],"cycle":[25,137],"period":[26],"stimulation":[29,68],"wave.":[30],"Its":[31],"influence":[32],"on":[33,81],"amplitude-phase":[35],"results":[36,79],"was":[37,97,113],"determined":[38],"by":[39],"performing":[40],"various":[41],"numeric":[42],"simulations":[43,73],"and":[44,62,69,74,88,103,120,126,135,148,157,159,170],"laboratory":[45,48,146],"tests.":[46],"were":[50,142],"used":[51,115,163],"infer":[53],"part":[54],"simulation":[57,109],"parameters,":[58],"namely":[59],"input":[61],"output":[63],"heat,":[64],"corresponding":[65],"natural":[70],"convection.":[71],"analysis":[76],"focus":[80],"heat":[83],"flow":[84],"inside":[85],"sample":[87,130],"manner":[90],"they":[91],"change":[92],"for":[93,99,128,167],"different":[94],"geometries.":[95],"This":[96],"performed":[98],"poly(methyl":[100],"methacrylate":[101],"(PMMA)":[102],"carbon":[104],"fiber-reinforced":[105],"polymers":[106],"(CFRPs).":[107],"these":[111],"materials":[112],"also":[114],"create":[117],"prediction":[118,155],"surfaces":[119,156],"equations.":[121],"These":[122,139,152],"predict":[123],"amplitude":[125],"phase":[127],"a":[129,132,136,165],"with":[131,144],"thickness":[133],"l":[134],"period.":[138],"new":[140,145,150],"findings":[141],"validated":[143,153],"two":[149],"samples.":[151],"equations":[158],"can":[160],"now":[161],"be":[162],"as":[164],"reference":[166],"future":[168],"works":[169],"industrial":[171],"applications.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}