{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313414480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010167","title":"Microwave-Based Subsurface Characterization through a Combined Finite Element and Variable Exponent Spaces Technique","display_name":"Microwave-Based Subsurface Characterization through a Combined Finite Element and Variable Exponent Spaces Technique","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313414480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010167","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36616765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010167","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/167/pdf?version=1672750646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/167/pdf?version=1672750646","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061446964","display_name":"Valentina Schenone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2005-7990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Schenone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2005-7990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060137921","display_name":"Claudio Estatico","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0948-6687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Estatico","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0948-6687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072485454","display_name":"Gian Luigi Gragnani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-979X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gian Luigi Gragnani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-979X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049770689","display_name":"Matteo Pastorino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4926-7358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Pastorino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068148710","display_name":"Andrea Randazzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-462X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Randazzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-462X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081925628","display_name":"Alessandro Fedeli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6636-1448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Fedeli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6636-1448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072485454","https://openalex.org/A5081925628"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5731,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5894565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"167","last_page":"167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.7122687101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.7026607990264893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.6949057579040527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponent","display_name":"Exponent","score":0.5287641286849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.43434298038482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.365095853805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3537008762359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.3412361741065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.3389599621295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.32552075386047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3251948356628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18768224120140076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.1571265161037445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.7122687101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.7026607990264893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.6949057579040527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421508","display_name":"Exponent","level":2,"score":0.5287641286849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43434298038482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.365095853805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3537008762359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3412361741065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.3389599621295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.32552075386047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3251948356628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18768224120140076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.1571265161037445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010167","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/167/pdf?version=1672750646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36616765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36616765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1105074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1105074","pdf_url":"https://iris.unige.it/bitstream/11567/1105074/1/S2023_BuriedFEM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c1cb6f7d9fba40ea834ed977b028663a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c1cb6f7d9fba40ea834ed977b028663a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 1, p 167 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/1/167/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 1; Pages: 167","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9823888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9823888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010167","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/167/pdf?version=1672750646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313414480.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313414480.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504574115","https://openalex.org/W1506299555","https://openalex.org/W1535897196","https://openalex.org/W1869316165","https://openalex.org/W1945518443","https://openalex.org/W2003017040","https://openalex.org/W2013555205","https://openalex.org/W2021809810","https://openalex.org/W2025673189","https://openalex.org/W2049478319","https://openalex.org/W2053439269","https://openalex.org/W2054713169","https://openalex.org/W2054945720","https://openalex.org/W2082205811","https://openalex.org/W2099632036","https://openalex.org/W2100737159","https://openalex.org/W2102751024","https://openalex.org/W2104005225","https://openalex.org/W2112311198","https://openalex.org/W2135906989","https://openalex.org/W2148847280","https://openalex.org/W2155977085","https://openalex.org/W2164215459","https://openalex.org/W2166856110","https://openalex.org/W2171370898","https://openalex.org/W2171388839","https://openalex.org/W2478138006","https://openalex.org/W2518909974","https://openalex.org/W2763304411","https://openalex.org/W2765711908","https://openalex.org/W2800441593","https://openalex.org/W2801403878","https://openalex.org/W2802827820","https://openalex.org/W2883389414","https://openalex.org/W2894120608","https://openalex.org/W2963003007","https://openalex.org/W2963396063","https://openalex.org/W2963446524","https://openalex.org/W2964269625","https://openalex.org/W2970803613","https://openalex.org/W3009048383","https://openalex.org/W3015315732","https://openalex.org/W3024915486","https://openalex.org/W3033789610","https://openalex.org/W3035182664","https://openalex.org/W3044393861","https://openalex.org/W3096535643","https://openalex.org/W3111622548","https://openalex.org/W3121761822","https://openalex.org/W4205366463","https://openalex.org/W4224326744","https://openalex.org/W4243613133","https://openalex.org/W4244014063","https://openalex.org/W4254020676","https://openalex.org/W6698145202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107994849","https://openalex.org/W4247143848","https://openalex.org/W2009883749","https://openalex.org/W2735573198","https://openalex.org/W29442446","https://openalex.org/W2467119940","https://openalex.org/W330727063","https://openalex.org/W2896904446","https://openalex.org/W3194077685","https://openalex.org/W1483407203"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"microwave":[1],"characterization":[2],"technique":[3],"to":[4,63],"inspect":[5],"subsurface":[6,48],"scenarios":[7],"is":[8,18],"proposed":[9],"and":[10,28,47,90],"numerically":[11],"assessed":[12,80],"in":[13,32,67,106],"this":[14],"paper.":[15],"The":[16,38,76,94],"approach":[17],"based":[19],"on":[20],"a":[21],"combination":[22],"of":[23,43,60,71,99,102],"finite":[24],"element":[25],"electromagnetic":[26],"modeling":[27],"an":[29],"inversion":[30],"procedure":[31],"Lebesgue":[33],"spaces":[34],"with":[35,50,81,87],"variable":[36],"exponents.":[37],"former":[39],"allows":[40],"for":[41],"description":[42],"the":[44,54,57,68,72,97,100],"measurement":[45],"system":[46],"scenario":[49],"high":[51],"accuracy,":[52],"while":[53],"latter":[55],"exploits":[56],"adaptive":[58],"definition":[59],"exponent":[61],"function":[62],"achieve":[64],"improved":[65],"results":[66,95],"regularized":[69],"solution":[70],"inverse":[73],"scattering":[74],"problem.":[75],"method":[77,101],"has":[78],"been":[79],"numerical":[82],"simulations":[83],"regarding":[84],"two-layered":[85],"environments":[86],"both":[88],"planar":[89],"non-planar":[91],"air-soil":[92],"interfaces.":[93],"show":[96],"capabilities":[98],"detecting":[103],"buried":[104],"objects":[105],"different":[107],"operative":[108],"conditions.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-08-10T07:06:39.071514","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}