{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312172271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010133","title":"5G-Enabled Distributed Intelligence Based on O-RAN for Distributed IoT Systems","display_name":"5G-Enabled Distributed Intelligence Based on O-RAN for Distributed IoT Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312172271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010133","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36616731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035340182","display_name":"Ramin Firouzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2689-6760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161593684","display_name":"Stockholm University","ror":"https://ror.org/05f0yaq80","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ramin Firouzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, 16407 Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, 16407 Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007211487","display_name":"Rahim Rahmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5924-5457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161593684","display_name":"Stockholm University","ror":"https://ror.org/05f0yaq80","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahim Rahmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, 16407 Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5924-5457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, 16407 Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035340182"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.9426,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88328799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"133","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ran","display_name":"Ran","score":0.7556607723236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7495026588439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-ran","display_name":"C-RAN","score":0.6811914443969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6411599516868591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.5923911929130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5651850700378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.533402681350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4995155334472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4737313985824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.44619306921958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4129115641117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39142298698425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2967657148838043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14723706245422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.0944128930568695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.08531799912452698}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160704184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031028","display_name":"Ran","level":2,"score":0.7556607723236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7495026588439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779765720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5005908","display_name":"C-RAN","level":5,"score":0.6811914443969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6411599516868591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.5923911929130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5651850700378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.533402681350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4995155334472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4737313985824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.44619306921958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4129115641117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39142298698425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2967657148838043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14723706245422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0944128930568695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.08531799912452698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36616731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36616731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:su-214054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-214054","pdf_url":"https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1729720/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article in journal"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bbd9d2a8101d40628ac3ca3c5dbf8e1a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bbd9d2a8101d40628ac3ca3c5dbf8e1a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 1, p 133 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/1/133/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 1; Pages: 133","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9823956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9823956","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23010133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2287724167","https://openalex.org/W2798720628","https://openalex.org/W2888448571","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2979359324","https://openalex.org/W2989289980","https://openalex.org/W3021951958","https://openalex.org/W3023560702","https://openalex.org/W3028002358","https://openalex.org/W3037814024","https://openalex.org/W3047304572","https://openalex.org/W3103072945","https://openalex.org/W3105122387","https://openalex.org/W3109766156","https://openalex.org/W3134779518","https://openalex.org/W3147085050","https://openalex.org/W3182828306","https://openalex.org/W4205224043","https://openalex.org/W4226167551","https://openalex.org/W4292084264","https://openalex.org/W6695011786","https://openalex.org/W6738383168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2436923341","https://openalex.org/W3037103914","https://openalex.org/W4205856738","https://openalex.org/W3018338683","https://openalex.org/W2922954044","https://openalex.org/W1482301650","https://openalex.org/W4311925347","https://openalex.org/W4383474025","https://openalex.org/W4386248941","https://openalex.org/W1522963818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Edge-based":[0],"distributed":[1,80,131],"intelligence":[2,132,161],"techniques,":[3],"such":[4,191],"as":[5,88,192],"federated":[6,194],"learning":[7,147],"(FL),":[8],"have":[9,51],"recently":[10],"been":[11,52],"used":[12],"in":[13,18,70,127,140,198],"many":[14],"research":[15],"fields":[16],"thanks,":[17],"part,":[19],"to":[20,74,94,106,112,129],"their":[21],"decentralized":[22],"model":[23,138],"training":[24,139,170],"process":[25],"and":[26,64,79,123,156,202],"privacy-preserving":[27],"features.":[28],"However,":[29],"because":[30],"of":[31,34,48,58,200,204],"the":[32,39,55,110,173,177,184,193],"absence":[33],"effective":[35],"deployment":[36],"models":[37],"for":[38,54,121,133,149,152,169,176],"radio":[40],"access":[41],"network":[42,81],"(RAN),":[43],"only":[44],"a":[45,89,119,165],"tiny":[46],"number":[47,203],"FL":[49,125,154,189],"apps":[50],"created":[53],"latest":[56],"generation":[57],"public":[59],"mobile":[60],"networks":[61],"(e.g.,":[62],"5G":[63,96,134],"6G).":[65],"There":[66],"is":[67,167],"an":[68],"attempt,":[69],"new":[71],"RAN":[72,86,91,108,160],"paradigms,":[73],"move":[75],"toward":[76],"disaggregation,":[77],"hierarchical,":[78],"function":[82],"processing":[83],"designs.":[84],"Open":[85],"(O-RAN),":[87],"cutting-edge":[90],"technology,":[92],"claims":[93],"meet":[95],"services":[97],"with":[98,109],"high":[99],"quality.":[100],"It":[101],"includes":[102],"integrated,":[103],"intelligent":[104],"controllers":[105,162],"provide":[107],"power":[111],"make":[113],"smart":[114],"decisions.":[115],"This":[116],"paper":[117],"proposes":[118],"methodology":[120],"deploying":[122],"optimizing":[124],"tasks":[126],"O-RAN":[128],"deliver":[130],"applications.":[135],"To":[136],"accomplish":[137],"each":[141,153],"round,":[142],"we":[143],"first":[144],"present":[145],"reinforcement":[146],"(RL)":[148],"client":[150],"selection":[151],"task":[155],"resource":[157],"allocation":[158],"using":[159],"(RIC).":[163],"Then,":[164],"slice":[166],"allotted":[168],"depending":[171],"on":[172],"clients":[174],"chosen":[175],"task.":[178],"Our":[179],"simulation":[180],"results":[181],"show":[182],"that":[183],"proposed":[185],"method":[186],"outperforms":[187],"state-of-art":[188],"methods,":[190],"averaging":[195],"algorithm":[196],"(FedAvg),":[197],"terms":[199],"convergence":[201],"communication":[205],"rounds.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T07:44:22.658603","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
