{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312195565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249919","title":"Machine Learning-Based Classification of Abnormal Liver Tissues Using Relative Permittivity","display_name":"Machine Learning-Based Classification of Abnormal Liver Tissues Using Relative Permittivity","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312195565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249919","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36560303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22249919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249919","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9919/pdf?version=1671505509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9919/pdf?version=1671505509","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009240632","display_name":"Poulami Samaddar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-4093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Poulami Samaddar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-4093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053116206","display_name":"Anup Kumar Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8489-0087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anup Kumar Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8489-0087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076809384","display_name":"Sunil Gaddam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8850-4681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Gaddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066643057","display_name":"Mansunderbir Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802423016","display_name":"WinnMed","ror":"https://ror.org/02s47w807","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802423016"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansunderbir Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I2802423016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072092652","display_name":"Vaishnavi K. Modi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaishnavi K. Modi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066716434","display_name":"Keerthy Gopalakrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keerthy Gopalakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014253757","display_name":"Rachel L. Bayer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel L. Bayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085440836","display_name":"Ivone Cristina Igreja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-2872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21250087","display_name":"Charles University","ror":"https://ror.org/024d6js02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75092371","display_name":"University of Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05k238v14","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75092371"]}],"countries":["CZ","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivone Cristina Igreja Sa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic","Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-2872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75092371","https://openalex.org/I21250087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045964718","display_name":"Shalil Khanal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5697-4061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shalil Khanal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5697-4061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081106420","display_name":"Petra Hirsova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-0924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petra Hirsova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011774200","display_name":"Enis Kostallari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7138-5580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enis Kostallari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gastroenterology Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037773915","display_name":"Shuvashis Dey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7435-6681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuvashis Dey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA","Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7435-6681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016702353","display_name":"Dipankar Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-5819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4657992","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013La Crosse","ror":"https://ror.org/00x8ccz20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4657992"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dipankar Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA","Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4657992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017576915","display_name":"Sayan Roy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184647316","display_name":"South Dakota School of Mines and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ch7yk27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184647316"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayan Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA","Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-8071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184647316"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002606430","display_name":"Shivaram P. Arunachalam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3251-5415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802423016","display_name":"WinnMed","ror":"https://ror.org/02s47w807","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802423016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shivaram P. Arunachalam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3251-5415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I2802423016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002606430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I2802423016","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73881687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"24","first_page":"9919","last_page":"9919"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5680459141731262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.5508713722229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5168648362159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5080821514129639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-tissue","display_name":"Liver tissue","score":0.5075920820236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-permittivity","display_name":"Dielectric permittivity","score":0.5047508478164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steatohepatitis","display_name":"Steatohepatitis","score":0.4876476526260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.47932541370391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fatty-liver","display_name":"Fatty liver","score":0.45286744832992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-permittivity","display_name":"Relative permittivity","score":0.4271705746650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permittivity","display_name":"Permittivity","score":0.38923022150993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.35574519634246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.35222965478897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.30843937397003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.3003773093223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.2560170292854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.23934394121170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.19969451427459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.12279897928237915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5680459141731262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.5508713722229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5168648362159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5080821514129639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992176824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9368","display_name":"Liver tissue","level":2,"score":0.5075920820236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986736532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Dielectric permittivity","level":4,"score":0.5047508478164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2335423","display_name":"Steatohepatitis","level":4,"score":0.4876476526260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.47932541370391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778772119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6058862","display_name":"Fatty liver","level":3,"score":0.45286744832992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13760523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027242","display_name":"Relative permittivity","level":4,"score":0.4271705746650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.38923022150993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.35574519634246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35222965478897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.30843937397003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3003773093223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.2560170292854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.23934394121170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.19969451427459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.12279897928237915}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008103","descriptor_name":"Liver Cirrhosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008103","descriptor_name":"Liver Cirrhosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008103","descriptor_name":"Liver Cirrhosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008810","descriptor_name":"Mice, Inbred C57BL","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008810","descriptor_name":"Mice, Inbred C57BL","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008810","descriptor_name":"Mice, Inbred C57BL","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065626","descriptor_name":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065626","descriptor_name":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065626","descriptor_name":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065626","descriptor_name":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065626","descriptor_name":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065626","descriptor_name":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22249919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249919","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9919/pdf?version=1671505509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36560303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36560303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e314670011b64de0aa06b50fc90a90dc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e314670011b64de0aa06b50fc90a90dc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 24, p 9919 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/24/9919/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 24; Pages: 9919","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9781624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9781624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22249919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249919","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9919/pdf?version=1671505509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1970100974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01DK130884","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308400","display_name":"American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/005tjs461"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317000","display_name":"Regenerative Medicine Minnesota","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312195565.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964462694","https://openalex.org/W2022981781","https://openalex.org/W2058871194","https://openalex.org/W2069472142","https://openalex.org/W2081687897","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2118530388","https://openalex.org/W2127380782","https://openalex.org/W2158380269","https://openalex.org/W2322518676","https://openalex.org/W2436250282","https://openalex.org/W2499020253","https://openalex.org/W2770962322","https://openalex.org/W2774082069","https://openalex.org/W2793191892","https://openalex.org/W2807564141","https://openalex.org/W2889265436","https://openalex.org/W2901955586","https://openalex.org/W2905010076","https://openalex.org/W2922511265","https://openalex.org/W2963356494","https://openalex.org/W3021627727","https://openalex.org/W3033101938","https://openalex.org/W3038177244","https://openalex.org/W3109246949","https://openalex.org/W3125937743","https://openalex.org/W3173689017","https://openalex.org/W4200332462","https://openalex.org/W4254569451","https://openalex.org/W4282977171","https://openalex.org/W4296908532","https://openalex.org/W4296908559","https://openalex.org/W4296910799","https://openalex.org/W4296913951","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6805150473"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107320019","https://openalex.org/W4391114742","https://openalex.org/W2905363763","https://openalex.org/W2715167416","https://openalex.org/W3091232865","https://openalex.org/W2313079490","https://openalex.org/W4238822153","https://openalex.org/W2384836839","https://openalex.org/W2803728835","https://openalex.org/W1984006342"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64,105,166],"search":[1],"for":[2,59,196],"non-invasive,":[3],"fast,":[4],"and":[5,36,44,142],"low-cost":[6],"diagnostic":[7,202],"tools":[8],"has":[9],"gained":[10],"significant":[11],"traction":[12],"among":[13],"many":[14],"researchers":[15],"worldwide.":[16],"Dielectric":[17],"properties":[18,56,89],"calculated":[19],"from":[20],"microwave":[21],"signals":[22],"offer":[23],"unique":[24],"insights":[25],"into":[26,109],"biological":[27],"tissue.":[28],"Material":[29],"properties,":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32],"relative":[33],"permittivity":[34],"(\u03b5r)":[35],"conductivity":[37],"(\u03c3),":[38],"can":[39,76],"vary":[40],"significantly":[41],"between":[42],"healthy":[43,123],"unhealthy":[45],"tissue":[46,160,181],"types":[47],"at":[48],"a":[49],"given":[50],"frequency.":[51],"Understanding":[52],"this":[53,85],"difference":[54],"in":[55,72,93],"is":[57],"key":[58],"identifying":[60],"the":[61,68,87,114,120,158,170,180,198],"disease":[62,99,117],"state.":[63],"frequency-dependent":[65],"nature":[66],"of":[67,90,97,119],"dielectric":[69,88,103,164],"measurements":[70,106],"results":[71,167],"large":[73],"datasets,":[74],"which":[75],"be":[77],"postprocessed":[78],"using":[79,102],"artificial":[80],"intelligence":[81],"(AI)":[82],"methods.":[83],"In":[84],"work,":[86],"liver":[91,98,145,159],"tissues":[92],"three":[94],"mouse":[95],"models":[96,152],"are":[100,107,153],"characterized":[101],"spectroscopy.":[104],"grouped":[108],"four":[110],"categories":[111],"based":[112,162],"on":[113,163],"diets":[115],"or":[116],"state":[118],"mice,":[121,124],"i.e.,":[122],"mice":[125,135,143],"with":[126,136,144,183],"non-alcoholic":[127],"steatohepatitis":[128],"(NASH)":[129],"induced":[130,138],"by":[131,139],"choline-deficient":[132],"high-fat":[133],"diet,":[134,141],"NASH":[137],"western":[140],"fibrosis.":[146],"Multi-class":[147],"classification":[148],"machine":[149,173],"learning":[150],"(ML)":[151],"then":[154],"explored":[155],"to":[156,178,187],"differentiate":[157,179],"groups":[161,182],"measurements.":[165],"show":[168],"that":[169],"support":[171],"vector":[172],"(SVM)":[174],"model":[175],"was":[176],"able":[177],"an":[184],"accuracy":[185],"up":[186],"90%.":[188],"This":[189],"technology":[190],"pipeline,":[191],"thus,":[192],"shows":[193],"great":[194],"potential":[195],"developing":[197],"next":[199],"generation":[200],"non-invasive":[201],"tools.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}