{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312140528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249907","title":"Design of Airborne Large Aperture Infrared Optical System Based on Monocentric Lens","display_name":"Design of Airborne Large Aperture Infrared Optical System Based on Monocentric Lens","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312140528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249907","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36560275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22249907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249907","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9907/pdf?version=1671177208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9907/pdf?version=1671177208","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062537067","display_name":"Jiyan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-8035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiyan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100955834","display_name":"Teng Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4112-0433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teng Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101072372","display_name":"Zhexin Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-8175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhexin Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-8175","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087667477","display_name":"Liting Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1248-2137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liting Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059267212","display_name":"Zhengyu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9797-9272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074739903","display_name":"Tianhao Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianhao Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Devices, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014692545","display_name":"Chentao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3272-3735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chentao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3272-3735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014692545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":7.636,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96593098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"24","first_page":"9907","last_page":"9907"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.7485334873199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.605646014213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5133604407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-transfer-function","display_name":"Optical transfer function","score":0.4921938478946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.48065459728240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-plane","display_name":"Image plane","score":0.4730483591556549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4449912905693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3885258138179779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3414686322212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.23904302716255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1968672275543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1745891273021698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.17329788208007812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09767520427703857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.7485334873199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.605646014213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5133604407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175231954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1942321","display_name":"Optical transfer function","level":2,"score":0.4921938478946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.48065459728240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120515352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564580","display_name":"Image plane","level":3,"score":0.4730483591556549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4449912905693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3885258138179779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3414686322212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.23904302716255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1968672275543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1745891273021698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.17329788208007812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09767520427703857}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22249907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249907","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9907/pdf?version=1671177208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36560275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36560275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c8a563dc6a714244ad5b7723d586ba8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c8a563dc6a714244ad5b7723d586ba8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 24, p 9907 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/24/9907/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 24; Pages: 9907","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9786601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9786601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22249907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249907","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9907/pdf?version=1671177208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3891759343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZK-HX201216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7326056268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61704142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8291050393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZK-HX22067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312140528.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312140528.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981485450","https://openalex.org/W2015951786","https://openalex.org/W2082928364","https://openalex.org/W2086026451","https://openalex.org/W2095008737","https://openalex.org/W2152725859","https://openalex.org/W2324492952","https://openalex.org/W2607154733","https://openalex.org/W2766105111","https://openalex.org/W2810105885","https://openalex.org/W2886206589","https://openalex.org/W2897139437","https://openalex.org/W2903848002","https://openalex.org/W2908659800","https://openalex.org/W2948338729","https://openalex.org/W2990802133","https://openalex.org/W2997282547","https://openalex.org/W3089769892","https://openalex.org/W3113786297","https://openalex.org/W3123544414","https://openalex.org/W3135333785","https://openalex.org/W4200264412","https://openalex.org/W4200333791","https://openalex.org/W4200341204","https://openalex.org/W4200421609","https://openalex.org/W4200563104","https://openalex.org/W4242085389","https://openalex.org/W4295106571","https://openalex.org/W4295204457","https://openalex.org/W6795095849"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031102909","https://openalex.org/W1994652514","https://openalex.org/W2044176008","https://openalex.org/W2995460674","https://openalex.org/W2346610943","https://openalex.org/W2131310013","https://openalex.org/W2083069507","https://openalex.org/W2590750551","https://openalex.org/W2342040817","https://openalex.org/W2593056740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"reconnaissance":[1,59],"camera":[2],"systems":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"flown":[6],"on":[7,47],"manned":[8],"aircraft,":[9],"where":[10],"the":[11,37,54,103,125,128,134,151,172,178,188,198],"weight,":[12],"size,":[13],"and":[14,68,119,171,184],"power":[15],"requirements":[16],"are":[17,24],"not":[18],"stringent.":[19],"However,":[20],"today,":[21],"these":[22],"parameters":[23],"important":[25],"for":[26,61],"unmanned":[27],"aerial":[28,58],"vehicles":[29],"(UAVs).":[30],"This":[31,182,194],"article":[32],"provides":[33],"a":[34,48,62,79,98,107,158,166],"solution":[35],"to":[36,124],"design":[38,126],"of":[39,57,65,70,84,87,106,133,150,161,190,201],"airborne":[40,71,192],"large":[41],"aperture":[42],"infrared":[43],"optical":[44],"systems,":[45],"based":[46],"monocentric":[49,76,111,202],"lens":[50,77,112,203],"that":[51],"can":[52,90],"meet":[53],"strict":[55],"criteria":[56],"UAVs":[60],"wide":[63],"field":[64],"view":[66],"(FOV)":[67],"lightness":[69],"electro-optical":[72],"pod":[73],"cameras.":[74],"A":[75],"has":[78],"curved":[80],"image":[81,93,173],"plane,":[82],"consisting":[83],"an":[85,92,114],"array":[86],"microsensors,":[88],"which":[89],"provide":[91],"with":[94,113],"368":[95],"megapixels":[96],"over":[97],"100\u00b0":[99],"FOV.":[100],"We":[101,164],"obtained":[102],"initial":[104],"structure":[105,186],"five-glass":[108],"(5GS)":[109],"asymmetric":[110],"air":[115],"gap,":[116],"using":[117],"ray-tracing":[118],"global":[120],"optimization":[121],"algorithms.":[122],"According":[123],"results,":[127],"ground":[129],"sampling":[130],"distance":[131],"(GSD)":[132],"system":[135,152],"is":[136,153],"0.33":[137],"m":[138,141],"at":[139,157],"3000":[140],"altitude.":[142],"The":[143],"full-field":[144],"modulation":[145],"transfer":[146],"function":[147],"(MTF)":[148],"value":[149],"more":[154],"than":[155],"0.4":[156],"Nyquist":[159],"frequency":[160],"70":[162],"lp/mm.":[163],"present":[165],"primary":[167],"thermal":[168],"control":[169],"method,":[170],"quality":[174],"was":[175],"steady":[176],"throughout":[177],"operating":[179],"temperature":[180],"range.":[181],"compactness":[183],"simple":[185],"fulfill":[187],"needs":[189],"uncrewed":[191],"lenses.":[193],"work":[195],"may":[196],"facilitate":[197],"practical":[199],"application":[200],"in":[204],"UAVs.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}