{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311728790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249581","title":"A Hybrid Rule-Based and Data-Driven Approach to Illegal Transshipment Identification with Interpretable Behavior Features","display_name":"A Hybrid Rule-Based and Data-Driven Approach to Illegal Transshipment Identification with Interpretable Behavior Features","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311728790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249581","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36559952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22249581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249581","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9581/pdf?version=1670479999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9581/pdf?version=1670479999","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037042702","display_name":"Lei Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4574-7381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102573946","display_name":"Yuchen Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Communication University of China, Beijing 100024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Communication University of China, Beijing 100024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108050300","display_name":"Limin Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1561-0405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Limin Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Research Center of Urban Traffic Information Sensing and Service Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Research Center of Urban Traffic Information Sensing and Service Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000170051","display_name":"Wen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8311-9004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127216","display_name":"Ministry of Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/031wq1t38","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Transport Informatics National Engineering Laboratory Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China","National Engineering Research Center of Transportation Safety and Emergency Informatics, China Transport Telecommunications and Information Center, Beijing 100011, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8311-9004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Transport Informatics National Engineering Laboratory Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Transportation Safety and Emergency Informatics, China Transport Telecommunications and Information Center, Beijing 100011, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043045638","display_name":"Yu Zang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8995-9389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127216","display_name":"Ministry of Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/031wq1t38","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Transport Informatics National Engineering Laboratory Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China","National Engineering Research Center of Transportation Safety and Emergency Informatics, China Transport Telecommunications and Information Center, Beijing 100011, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8995-9389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Transport Informatics National Engineering Laboratory Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Transportation Safety and Emergency Informatics, China Transport Telecommunications and Information Center, Beijing 100011, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108050300"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2938,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56291542,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"24","first_page":"9581","last_page":"9581"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transshipment","display_name":"Transshipment (information security)","score":0.8660710453987122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7146322727203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6469722390174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5501993298530579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4339069724082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.37554654479026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22399890422821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2031359076499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1314164698123932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.07227310538291931}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776234997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17134191","display_name":"Transshipment (information security)","level":2,"score":0.8660710453987122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7146322727203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6469722390174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5501993298530579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4339069724082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.37554654479026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22399890422821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2031359076499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1314164698123932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07227310538291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003247","descriptor_name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003247","descriptor_name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003247","descriptor_name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012767","descriptor_name":"Ships","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012767","descriptor_name":"Ships","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012767","descriptor_name":"Ships","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22249581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249581","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9581/pdf?version=1670479999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36559952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36559952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ae9646122424359851851a9c1ca0b16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ae9646122424359851851a9c1ca0b16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 24, p 9581 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/24/9581/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 24; Pages: 9581","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9785623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9785623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22249581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249581","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/24/9581/pdf?version=1670479999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311728790.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311728790.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35739717","https://openalex.org/W850294230","https://openalex.org/W1983417191","https://openalex.org/W1985911831","https://openalex.org/W2020617621","https://openalex.org/W2072592647","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2593091547","https://openalex.org/W2606643918","https://openalex.org/W2744006307","https://openalex.org/W2810924216","https://openalex.org/W2845622816","https://openalex.org/W2896232132","https://openalex.org/W2921844983","https://openalex.org/W2949433119","https://openalex.org/W2964482263","https://openalex.org/W2964610176","https://openalex.org/W3008093742","https://openalex.org/W3048093746","https://openalex.org/W3086744479","https://openalex.org/W3179110501","https://openalex.org/W4210650572","https://openalex.org/W4237351305","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6803398281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004875548","https://openalex.org/W2811098203","https://openalex.org/W2562225772","https://openalex.org/W2532372670","https://openalex.org/W1988596135","https://openalex.org/W2058741849","https://openalex.org/W2982145256","https://openalex.org/W3199031918","https://openalex.org/W2907973783","https://openalex.org/W1583522493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Illegal":[0],"transshipment":[1,26,67,180],"of":[2,24,37,65,96,111,210],"maritime":[3,38],"ships":[4],"is":[5,135,166],"usually":[6],"closely":[7],"related":[8],"to":[9,33,42,107,124,143],"illegal":[10,20,25,66,89,179],"activities":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,88],"smuggling,":[14],"human":[15],"trafficking,":[16],"piracy":[17],"plunder,":[18],"and":[19,48,62,72,104,118,138,186],"fishing.":[21],"Intelligent":[22],"identification":[23,113,173],"has":[27],"become":[28],"an":[29],"important":[30],"technical":[31],"means":[32],"ensure":[34],"the":[35,59,109,126,163,211],"safety":[36],"transport.":[39],"However,":[40],"due":[41],"different":[43,70,158],"geographical":[44,63],"environments,":[45],"legal":[46],"policies":[47],"regulatory":[49,150],"requirements":[50],"in":[51,58,69,75,92,114,129,156],"each":[52],"sea":[53,151,159],"area,":[54],"there":[55],"are":[56,183],"differences":[57],"movement":[60],"characteristics":[61],"distribution":[64,147],"behavior":[68,83],"time":[71],"space.":[73],"Moreover,":[74],"areas":[76,160],"with":[77,169],"dense":[78,130],"traffic":[79,121,131],"flow,":[80],"normal":[81],"navigation":[82],"can":[84,194],"easily":[85],"be":[86],"identified":[87],"transshipment,":[90],"resulting":[91],"a":[93,101,120],"high":[94],"rate":[95,128],"misidentification.":[97],"This":[98],"paper":[99],"proposes":[100],"hybrid":[102],"rule-based":[103],"data-driven":[105],"approach":[106],"solve":[108],"problem":[110],"missing":[112],"fixed":[115],"threshold":[116,146],"methods":[117],"introduces":[119],"density":[122],"feature":[123],"reduce":[125],"misidentification":[127,198],"areas.":[132,152],"The":[133,153,191],"method":[134,165,176,193],"both":[136],"interpretable":[137],"adaptable":[139],"through":[140],"unsupervised":[141],"clustering":[142],"get":[144],"suitable":[145],"combination":[148],"for":[149,206],"evaluation":[154],"results":[155],"two":[157],"show":[161],"that":[162],"proposed":[164,192],"applicable.":[167],"Compared":[168],"other":[170],"widely":[171],"used":[172],"methods,":[174],"this":[175],"identifies":[177],"more":[178,207],"events,":[181],"which":[182,204],"highly":[184],"suspicious,":[185],"gives":[187],"warning":[188],"much":[189],"earlier.":[190],"even":[195],"filter":[196],"out":[197],"events":[199],"from":[200],"compared":[201],"methods'":[202],"results,":[203],"account":[205],"than":[208],"half":[209],"total":[212],"number.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}