{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311053653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239364","title":"A Critical Review of Deep Learning-Based Multi-Sensor Fusion Techniques","display_name":"A Critical Review of Deep Learning-Based Multi-Sensor Fusion Techniques","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311053653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239364","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36502065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239364","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9364/pdf?version=1669885640","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9364/pdf?version=1669885640","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089384853","display_name":"Benedict Marsh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benedict Marsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Futures, Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Futures, Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047298556","display_name":"Abdul Hamid Sadka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9825-5911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Hamid Sadka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Futures, Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9825-5911","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Futures, Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091804294","display_name":"H. Bahai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-9104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Bahai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Materials and Manufacturing, Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-9104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Materials and Manufacturing, Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089384853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.9282,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87559285,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"23","first_page":"9364","last_page":"9364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6966437697410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.662916898727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6498748660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6478801965713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5745372176170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.55454421043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5187399983406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5005233287811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37895768880844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.21709057688713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2112434208393097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09849211573600769}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6966437697410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.662916898727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6498748660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6478801965713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5745372176170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.55454421043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5187399983406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5005233287811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37895768880844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.21709057688713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2112434208393097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09849211573600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239364","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9364/pdf?version=1669885640","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36502065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36502065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.aston.ac.uk:45528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.aston.ac.uk/view/author/b521aaf11140cd15029397780adf5ec7.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400483","display_name":"Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","host_organization_name":"Aston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/25585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/25585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:99be72c0acfa447081a2fc1ed3bb5db4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/99be72c0acfa447081a2fc1ed3bb5db4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 23, p 9364 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/23/9364/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 23; Pages: 9364","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9737943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9737943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239364","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9364/pdf?version=1669885640","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311053653.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1772650917","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1921093919","https://openalex.org/W2259424905","https://openalex.org/W2307770531","https://openalex.org/W2558580397","https://openalex.org/W2567028727","https://openalex.org/W2604231069","https://openalex.org/W2727849499","https://openalex.org/W2883040756","https://openalex.org/W2885093229","https://openalex.org/W2892161145","https://openalex.org/W2950496566","https://openalex.org/W2952813711","https://openalex.org/W2962793285","https://openalex.org/W2963136578","https://openalex.org/W2963316641","https://openalex.org/W2963617879","https://openalex.org/W2963619659","https://openalex.org/W2963867516","https://openalex.org/W2964326562","https://openalex.org/W2966926453","https://openalex.org/W2966927056","https://openalex.org/W2992464978","https://openalex.org/W2998031326","https://openalex.org/W3003928900","https://openalex.org/W3080631149","https://openalex.org/W3089999934","https://openalex.org/W3090975042","https://openalex.org/W3091564232","https://openalex.org/W3093769466","https://openalex.org/W3096678291","https://openalex.org/W3106635087","https://openalex.org/W3109908659","https://openalex.org/W3110653837","https://openalex.org/W3145086533","https://openalex.org/W3160809918","https://openalex.org/W3165495321","https://openalex.org/W3175561084","https://openalex.org/W3177322621","https://openalex.org/W3189360099","https://openalex.org/W3206335707","https://openalex.org/W4221146773","https://openalex.org/W4226265017","https://openalex.org/W4312566889","https://openalex.org/W4312793957","https://openalex.org/W4312871721","https://openalex.org/W6638039622","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6784085021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W2353265673","https://openalex.org/W2152662039","https://openalex.org/W2726747157","https://openalex.org/W2004817612","https://openalex.org/W2010131506","https://openalex.org/W2145797872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"review,":[2],"we":[3],"provide":[4,62],"a":[5,18,28,54,63],"detailed":[6,64],"coverage":[7],"of":[8,57,66],"multi-sensor":[9],"fusion":[10,36],"techniques":[11,37,60],"that":[12,47],"use":[13],"RGB":[14],"stereo":[15],"images":[16],"and":[17,61,69],"sparse":[19],"LiDAR-projected":[20],"depth":[21,30],"map":[22,31],"as":[23,71,73],"input":[24],"data":[25],"to":[26],"output":[27],"dense":[29],"prediction.":[32],"We":[33,51],"cover":[34],"state-of-the-art":[35,59],"which,":[38],"in":[39],"recent":[40],"years,":[41],"have":[42],"been":[43],"deep":[44],"learning-based":[45],"methods":[46],"are":[48,77],"end-to-end":[49],"trainable.":[50],"then":[52],"conduct":[53],"comparative":[55],"evaluation":[56],"the":[58,74],"analysis":[65],"their":[67],"strengths":[68],"limitations":[70],"well":[72],"applications":[75],"they":[76],"best":[78],"suited":[79],"for.":[80]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
