{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310153725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239230","title":"A Probabilistic\u2013Geometric Approach for UAV Detection and Avoidance Systems","display_name":"A Probabilistic\u2013Geometric Approach for UAV Detection and Avoidance Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310153725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239230","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9230/pdf?version=1669781008","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9230/pdf?version=1669781008","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726164","display_name":"Hae-In Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-0127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hae-In Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-0127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001666073","display_name":"Hyo\u2010Sang Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-0370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyo-Sang Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-0370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085012064","display_name":"Antonios Tsourdos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-7633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonios Tsourdos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-7633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001666073"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.4049,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56612346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"23","first_page":"9230","last_page":"9230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.9248058199882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6782968044281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6471249461174011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6147412061691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.562789261341095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separation","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","score":0.534787654876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48591700196266174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.4811755120754242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35911500453948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2755875885486603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11184132099151611}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.9248058199882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6782968044281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6471249461174011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6147412061691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.562789261341095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451805","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.534787654876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48591700196266174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.4811755120754242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35911500453948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2755875885486603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11184132099151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035501","descriptor_name":"Uncertainty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035501","descriptor_name":"Uncertainty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035501","descriptor_name":"Uncertainty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9230/pdf?version=1669781008","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36501932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b6a25a57b1d44a9d86fe05126f7c6deb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b6a25a57b1d44a9d86fe05126f7c6deb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 23, p 9230 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/18815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/18815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/23/9230/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 23; Pages: 9230","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9738709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9738709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9230/pdf?version=1669781008","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310153725.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310153725.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W643028923","https://openalex.org/W850898932","https://openalex.org/W1564897360","https://openalex.org/W1586309761","https://openalex.org/W2007588648","https://openalex.org/W2010130980","https://openalex.org/W2077831477","https://openalex.org/W2097771046","https://openalex.org/W2102488278","https://openalex.org/W2113286054","https://openalex.org/W2133521619","https://openalex.org/W2141589662","https://openalex.org/W2145887750","https://openalex.org/W2169388010","https://openalex.org/W2318282273","https://openalex.org/W2752463559","https://openalex.org/W2792791722","https://openalex.org/W2809880104","https://openalex.org/W2811219939","https://openalex.org/W2909324603","https://openalex.org/W2911520398","https://openalex.org/W2940508125","https://openalex.org/W2981729160","https://openalex.org/W3006868075","https://openalex.org/W3036252686","https://openalex.org/W3137096473","https://openalex.org/W3153767275","https://openalex.org/W3159605226","https://openalex.org/W4283213193","https://openalex.org/W6684537061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4317634134","https://openalex.org/W2981729160","https://openalex.org/W4310743282","https://openalex.org/W2743212448","https://openalex.org/W2889566344","https://openalex.org/W1819938260","https://openalex.org/W2340892746","https://openalex.org/W3163022373","https://openalex.org/W3005999311","https://openalex.org/W2352938754"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3],"collision":[4,45,50],"avoidance":[5,11,51],"algorithm":[6,20,61,76],"for":[7],"the":[8,35,44,55,74],"detection":[9],"and":[10,28,47,67,81],"capabilities":[12],"of":[13],"Unmanned":[14],"Aerial":[15],"Vehicles":[16],"(UAVs).":[17],"The":[18,38,59,70],"proposed":[19,60,75],"aims":[21],"to":[22,42,48],"ensure":[23],"minimum":[24,78],"separation":[25],"between":[26],"UAVs":[27],"geofencing":[29],"with":[30,84],"multiple":[31],"no-fly":[32],"zones,":[33],"considering":[34],"sensor":[36],"uncertainties.":[37],"main":[39],"idea":[40],"is":[41,62],"compute":[43],"probability":[46],"initiate":[49],"manoeuvres":[52],"determined":[53],"by":[54,64],"differential":[56],"geometry":[57],"concept.":[58],"validated":[63],"both":[65],"theoretical":[66],"numerical":[68],"analysis.":[69],"results":[71],"indicate":[72],"that":[73],"ensures":[77],"separation,":[79],"efficiency,":[80],"scalability":[82],"compared":[83],"other":[85],"benchmark":[86],"algorithms.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
