{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310153922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239229","title":"IRS-Enabled Ultra-Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks: Scheduling and Transmission Schemes","display_name":"IRS-Enabled Ultra-Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks: Scheduling and Transmission Schemes","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310153922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239229","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9229/pdf?version=1670307969","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9229/pdf?version=1670307969","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019033222","display_name":"Hibatallah Alwazani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5168-2780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hibatallah Alwazani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5168-2780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044765621","display_name":"Anas Chaaban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8713-5084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anas Chaaban","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8713-5084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044765621"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.4417,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59958127,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"23","first_page":"9229","last_page":"9229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6941571235656738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6777875423431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6517595052719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5624637603759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5510292649269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5467489957809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.5045255422592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.472608357667923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-node","display_name":"Sensor node","score":0.45552194118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.43410632014274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution-in-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","score":0.3888489603996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.38568055629730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23648834228515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20510008931159973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.17831581830978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.06974002718925476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6941571235656738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6777875423431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6517595052719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5624637603759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5510292649269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5467489957809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.5045255422592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.472608357667923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111185680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206","display_name":"Sensor node","level":5,"score":0.45552194118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.43410632014274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.3888489603996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.38568055629730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23648834228515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20510008931159973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.17831581830978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.06974002718925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9229/pdf?version=1670307969","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36501931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:circle.library.ubc.ca:2429/86534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2429/86534","pdf_url":"https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/52383/1.0437677/3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196297","display_name":"cIRcle (University of British Columbia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","host_organization_name":"University of British Columbia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b8f4b8798bb645d6a78a059be711ee79","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b8f4b8798bb645d6a78a059be711ee79","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 23, p 9229 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/23/9229/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 23; Pages: 9229","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9737329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9737329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9229/pdf?version=1670307969","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310153922.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310153922.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598479205","https://openalex.org/W1602301441","https://openalex.org/W1897088555","https://openalex.org/W1991766833","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2049450023","https://openalex.org/W2100166495","https://openalex.org/W2161872841","https://openalex.org/W2168034909","https://openalex.org/W2765322180","https://openalex.org/W2775135700","https://openalex.org/W2809803840","https://openalex.org/W2948573205","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3021564798","https://openalex.org/W3082005811","https://openalex.org/W3084900843","https://openalex.org/W3134399128","https://openalex.org/W3156456874","https://openalex.org/W3163858617","https://openalex.org/W3198888195","https://openalex.org/W3201170019","https://openalex.org/W4206344105","https://openalex.org/W6680021679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2287071596","https://openalex.org/W2623668551","https://openalex.org/W2171065346","https://openalex.org/W2111805192","https://openalex.org/W1998033734","https://openalex.org/W2540218377","https://openalex.org/W2799361348","https://openalex.org/W3045561551","https://openalex.org/W2105703566","https://openalex.org/W2148549110"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passive":[0],"technologies,":[1],"including":[2],"intelligent":[3],"reflecting":[4],"surfaces":[5],"(IRS),":[6],"are":[7],"gaining":[8],"traction":[9],"thanks":[10],"to":[11,14,98,104,108,110],"their":[12],"ability":[13],"enhance":[15],"communication":[16,42],"systems":[17],"while":[18,121],"maintaining":[19],"minimal":[20],"cost":[21],"and":[22,40,91,126,135,154,178],"low":[23,35],"complexity.":[24],"They":[25],"can":[26],"assist":[27],"a":[28,78,82,87,136],"wireless":[29],"sensor":[30,74],"network":[31],"(WSN)":[32],"by":[33],"achieving":[34],"power":[36,83],"requirements":[37],"for":[38,47,173],"sensors":[39,61,107],"aid":[41],"needs":[43],"in":[44,189],"many":[45],"applications,":[46],"instance,":[48],"environmental":[49],"monitoring.":[50],"In":[51,102],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,113,169],"propose":[55],"an":[56,99],"IRS-equipped":[57],"WSN":[58],"which":[59,190],"describes":[60],"equipped":[62],"with":[63,129],"IRSs":[64],"instead":[65],"of":[66,95,144,147,150,156,163],"active":[67],"radio":[68],"frequency":[69],"(RF)":[70],"electronics.":[71],"The":[72],"IRS":[73,124,151,179],"node":[75],"(ISN)":[76],"intercepts":[77],"dedicated":[79],"signal":[80,97],"from":[81],"source":[84],"such":[85],"as":[86],"base":[88],"station":[89],"(BS)":[90],"modulates":[92],"the":[93,111,142,145,148,160,164,174],"transmission":[94],"that":[96],"intended":[100],"recipient.":[101],"order":[103],"enable":[105],"multiple":[106],"transmit":[109],"receiver,":[112],"study":[114,141],"opportunistic":[115],"scheduling":[116,176],"(OS)":[117],"utilizing":[118],"multi-sensor":[119],"diversity":[120],"considering":[122],"blind":[123],"operation,":[125],"compare":[127],"it":[128],"round-robin":[130],"(RR),":[131],"proportional":[132],"fairness":[133],"(PF),":[134],"theoretical":[137],"upper":[138],"bound.":[139],"We":[140],"effect":[143],"choice":[146],"number":[149,155],"elements":[152],"N":[153],"ISNs":[157],"L":[158],"on":[159],"average":[161],"throughput":[162],"system":[165,183],"under":[166,181],"OS.":[167],"Finally,":[168],"provide":[170],"pertinent":[171],"comparisons":[172],"different":[175,187],"schemes":[177],"configurations":[180],"relevant":[182],"performance":[184],"metrics,":[185],"highlighting":[186],"scenarios":[188],"each":[191],"scheme":[192],"performs":[193],"better.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}