{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310153890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239192","title":"Very Long-Length FFT Using Multi-Resolution Piecewise-Constant Windows for Hardware-Accelerated Time\u2013Frequency Distribution Calculations in an Ultra-Wideband Digital Receiver","display_name":"Very Long-Length FFT Using Multi-Resolution Piecewise-Constant Windows for Hardware-Accelerated Time\u2013Frequency Distribution Calculations in an Ultra-Wideband Digital Receiver","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310153890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239192","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239192","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9192/pdf?version=1669868676","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9192/pdf?version=1669868676","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090456007","display_name":"Chen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7095-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036666054","display_name":"Janaka Elangage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5561-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janaka Elangage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090456007"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.277,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54228595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"23","first_page":"9192","last_page":"9192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.8100552558898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.6084838509559631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5443158149719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/main-lobe","display_name":"Main lobe","score":0.5031492114067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4791635572910309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4512438476085663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-subscriber-line","display_name":"Digital subscriber line","score":0.42035049200057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3272911012172699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3217908442020416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.31690600514411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23072925209999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2122567892074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13321754336357117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.8100552558898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.6084838509559631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5443158149719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166923610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6673925","display_name":"Main lobe","level":3,"score":0.5031492114067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4791635572910309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4512438476085663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201374245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104534","display_name":"Digital subscriber line","level":2,"score":0.42035049200057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3272911012172699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3217908442020416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.31690600514411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23072925209999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2122567892074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13321754336357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239192","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9192/pdf?version=1669868676","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36501897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:697e4427c5ac45deaa1989ef44dda4e5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/697e4427c5ac45deaa1989ef44dda4e5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 23, p 9192 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/23/9192/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 23; Pages: 9192","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9739948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9739948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239192","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9192/pdf?version=1669868676","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310153890.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310153890.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512673551","https://openalex.org/W1911119155","https://openalex.org/W2027036699","https://openalex.org/W2047595368","https://openalex.org/W2059676423","https://openalex.org/W2093132633","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2107908415","https://openalex.org/W2125312588","https://openalex.org/W2129451521","https://openalex.org/W2129707178","https://openalex.org/W2130681819","https://openalex.org/W2137501500","https://openalex.org/W2138196899","https://openalex.org/W2141128974","https://openalex.org/W2171902986","https://openalex.org/W2172171145","https://openalex.org/W2496260494","https://openalex.org/W2531162019","https://openalex.org/W2586095846","https://openalex.org/W2987362876","https://openalex.org/W3010285562","https://openalex.org/W3119740068","https://openalex.org/W3148779528","https://openalex.org/W3165898261","https://openalex.org/W3187876207","https://openalex.org/W3215400979","https://openalex.org/W4206343781","https://openalex.org/W4229006563","https://openalex.org/W6683039238","https://openalex.org/W6685400560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056183469","https://openalex.org/W1622568043","https://openalex.org/W2055565857","https://openalex.org/W4230802329","https://openalex.org/W2087366038","https://openalex.org/W2151852566","https://openalex.org/W2810404362","https://openalex.org/W2164592990","https://openalex.org/W1498610659","https://openalex.org/W2970726925"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,43,234,282,292],"hardware-accelerated":[1],"time\u2013frequency":[2],"distribution":[3],"calculation":[4],"is":[5,48],"one":[6,136],"of":[7,45,53,59,67,98,177,188,193,206,268,276],"the":[8,16,35,51,80,82,103,107,119,132,140,145,171,175,178,185,189,191,201,217,225,251,259,264,269,274,277,310,330],"commonly":[9],"used":[10],"methods":[11],"to":[12,49,240],"analyze":[13],"and":[14,92,272,316,319],"present":[15],"information":[17,121,147],"from":[18,113,149,258],"intercepted":[19],"radio":[20],"frequency":[21,120,146,186],"signals":[22,299,320],"in":[23,70,106,156,170,184,289,329],"modern":[24],"ultra-wideband":[25],"digital":[26],"receiver":[27],"(DRX)":[28],"designs.":[29],"In":[30,79],"this":[31,46],"paper,":[32],"we":[33],"introduce":[34],"piecewise":[36],"constant":[37],"window":[38,213,248,333],"blocking":[39],"FFT":[40,72,133],"(PCW-BFFT)":[41],"method.":[42],"purpose":[44],"work":[47],"show":[50,296],"generation":[52],"spectrograms":[54,243,311],"(formed":[55],"by":[56,229],"a":[57,63,114,150,207,211,238],"number":[58,66,97],"spectrum":[60,76,142,158,165,187],"lines)":[61],"using":[62,125],"very":[64],"large":[65],"samples":[68,84,105,169,254],"(N)":[69],"an":[71,215],"frame":[73,134],"for":[74,139],"each":[75,93,130],"line":[77,143,159],"calculation.":[78],"PCW-BFFT,":[81],"N":[83],"are":[85,111,196],"grouped":[86],"into":[87],"K":[88,126],"consecutive":[89],"time":[90,109,131,137,151,172,179,252,305],"slots,":[91],"slot":[94,110,138,152],"has":[95],"M":[96,104],"samples.":[99],"As":[100],"soon":[101],"as":[102,161,163,214],"current":[108],"available":[112,256],"high-speed":[115],"analog-to-digital":[116],"convertor":[117],"(ADC),":[118],"will":[122,153,286],"be":[123,154,222,287,307,327],"obtained":[124,148],"M-point":[127],"FFTs.":[128],"Since":[129],"hops":[135],"next":[141],"calculation,":[144],"reused":[155],"many":[157],"calculations,":[160],"long":[162,298],"these":[164],"lines":[166],"share":[167],"those":[168,194],"slot.":[173],"Although":[174],"use":[176,275],"domain":[180,253],"PCW":[181],"introduces":[182],"spikes":[183,195],"window,":[190],"levels":[192],"still":[197],"much":[198],"lower":[199,223],"than":[200,224],"first":[202],"side":[203],"lobe":[204,227],"level":[205,220,228],"rectangular":[208],"window.":[209],"Using":[210],"Gaussian":[212],"example,":[216],"highest":[218],"spike":[219],"can":[221,306,326],"main":[226],"at":[230],"least":[231],"38":[232],"dB.":[233],"PCW-BFFT":[235,270],"method":[236,271,278],"allows":[237],"DRX":[239],"produce":[241],"multiple":[242],"concurrently":[244],"with":[245,279,300,312,321],"different":[246],"analysis":[247,314,332],"widths":[249],"when":[250],"become":[255],"continuously":[257],"ADC.":[260],"This":[261],"paper":[262],"presents":[263],"detailed":[265],"derivation":[266],"process":[267,285],"demonstrates":[273],"simulation":[280,294],"results.":[281],"hardware":[283],"implementation":[284],"reported":[288],"another":[290],"paper.":[291],"computer":[293],"results":[295],"that":[297],"slowly":[301],"changing":[302,323],"frequencies":[303,325],"over":[304],"depicted":[308],"on":[309],"wide":[313],"windows,":[315],"short":[317],"pulses":[318],"rapidly":[322],"instantaneous":[324],"captured":[328],"narrow":[331],"spectrograms.":[334]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}