{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310024839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239134","title":"Statistical Analysis of Silicon Photomultiplier Output Signals","display_name":"Statistical Analysis of Silicon Photomultiplier Output Signals","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310024839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239134","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9134/pdf?version=1669367127","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9134/pdf?version=1669367127","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066848813","display_name":"Zden\u011bk Kolka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7034-9430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zdenek Kolka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7034-9430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050394872","display_name":"Peter Barc\u00edk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3922-3979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Barcik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3922-3979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083744068","display_name":"Viera Biolkov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-2722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viera Biolkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-2722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050394872"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.507,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87399533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"23","first_page":"9134","last_page":"9134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7537714242935181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photomultiplier","display_name":"Photomultiplier","score":0.7192577123641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-photomultiplier","display_name":"Silicon photomultiplier","score":0.6923869252204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-edge","display_name":"Signal edge","score":0.6493762731552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.6340562105178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-diode","display_name":"Avalanche diode","score":0.6291034817695618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.5721842646598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.5607699751853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5288447141647339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.5281895399093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5090896487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.5077139139175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5036486983299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.46313101053237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38489046692848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.37727490067481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33006051182746887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20938774943351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analog-signal","display_name":"Analog signal","score":0.1787729561328888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16985538601875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.15270769596099854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7537714242935181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113879476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61897384","display_name":"Photomultiplier","level":3,"score":0.7192577123641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104335537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1085747","display_name":"Silicon photomultiplier","level":4,"score":0.6923869252204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117525741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775654","display_name":"Signal edge","level":4,"score":0.6493762731552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6340562105178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95341827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175898","display_name":"Avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.6291034817695618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.5721842646598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.5607699751853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5288447141647339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.5281895399093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5090896487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5077139139175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5036486983299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.46313101053237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38489046692848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.37727490067481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33006051182746887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20938774943351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13412647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174948","display_name":"Analog signal","level":3,"score":0.1787729561328888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16985538601875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.15270769596099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119321828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267190","display_name":"Breakdown voltage","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161694136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910990","display_name":"Scintillator","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9134/pdf?version=1669367127","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36501835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:638421aa40c4457ab2fd05b3f420f88f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/638421aa40c4457ab2fd05b3f420f88f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 23, p 9134 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/23/9134/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 23; Pages: 9134","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9737098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9737098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9134/pdf?version=1669367127","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2740264686","display_name":"Robust System of Optical Wireless Communication","funder_award_id":"VI20192022173","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311333","funder_display_name":"Ministerstvo Vnitra \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309959","display_name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Int\u00e9rieur","ror":"https://ror.org/015jj1011"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311333","display_name":"Ministerstvo Vnitra \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","ror":"https://ror.org/05w1nn565"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310024839.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310024839.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1122808991","https://openalex.org/W1557165550","https://openalex.org/W1610392186","https://openalex.org/W1964060548","https://openalex.org/W1967670315","https://openalex.org/W1973015669","https://openalex.org/W1973622628","https://openalex.org/W1991489793","https://openalex.org/W2010694256","https://openalex.org/W2013507252","https://openalex.org/W2017665228","https://openalex.org/W2026085760","https://openalex.org/W2067318751","https://openalex.org/W2121963835","https://openalex.org/W2125073510","https://openalex.org/W2127953553","https://openalex.org/W2138764773","https://openalex.org/W2163555537","https://openalex.org/W2167874334","https://openalex.org/W2314798023","https://openalex.org/W2543324968","https://openalex.org/W2616112256","https://openalex.org/W2753605358","https://openalex.org/W2789954277","https://openalex.org/W2790035323","https://openalex.org/W2792350326","https://openalex.org/W2885200221","https://openalex.org/W2890832051","https://openalex.org/W2893908773","https://openalex.org/W2902086613","https://openalex.org/W2902323151","https://openalex.org/W2944895978","https://openalex.org/W3086903172","https://openalex.org/W3119171120","https://openalex.org/W3175777878","https://openalex.org/W4200263549","https://openalex.org/W4205338001","https://openalex.org/W4252259024","https://openalex.org/W6636090280","https://openalex.org/W6678684797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059277266","https://openalex.org/W2033444373","https://openalex.org/W2030995131","https://openalex.org/W1966606183","https://openalex.org/W2068187233","https://openalex.org/W2152393108","https://openalex.org/W1994053743","https://openalex.org/W2944827242","https://openalex.org/W2989821665","https://openalex.org/W2076228782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Silicon":[0],"photomultipliers":[1],"are":[2],"relatively":[3],"new":[4],"devices":[5],"designed":[6],"as":[7],"a":[8,47,53,76],"matrix":[9],"of":[10,43,62,69,85,103,113,119,139],"single-photon":[11],"avalanche":[12,71,115],"detectors,":[13],"which":[14,52],"have":[15],"become":[16],"popular":[17],"for":[18,94,135],"their":[19],"miniature":[20],"dimensions":[21],"and":[22,37,83],"low":[23],"operating":[24],"voltage.":[25],"Their":[26],"superior":[27],"sensitivity":[28],"allows":[29],"detecting":[30],"low-photon-count":[31],"optical":[32,98],"pulses,":[33],"e.g.,":[34],"in":[35],"ranging":[36],"LIDAR":[38],"applications.":[39],"The":[40,117,141],"output":[41,70],"signal":[42,107],"the":[44,66,73,81,86,100,104,111,120,137,145],"photomultiplier":[45],"is":[46,90,108],"non-stationary":[48],"stochastic":[49,87],"process,":[50],"from":[51],"weak":[54],"periodic":[55],"pulse":[56,99,131],"can":[57,123],"be":[58,124],"extracted":[59],"by":[60],"means":[61],"statistical":[63],"processing.":[64],"Using":[65],"double-exponential":[67],"approximation":[68],"pulses":[72],"paper":[74],"presents":[75],"simple":[77],"analytical":[78],"solution":[79],"to":[80,126],"mean":[82],"variance":[84],"process.":[88],"It":[89],"shown":[91],"that":[92],"even":[93],"an":[95,128],"ideal":[96],"square":[97],"rising":[101],"edge":[102,112],"statistically":[105],"detected":[106,121],"longer":[109],"than":[110],"individual":[114],"pulses.":[116],"knowledge":[118],"waveform":[122,132],"used":[125],"design":[127],"optimum":[129],"laser":[130],"or":[133],"algorithms":[134],"estimating":[136],"time":[138],"arrival.":[140],"experimental":[142],"section":[143],"demonstrates":[144],"proposed":[146],"procedure.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T13:55:30.953635","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}