{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309852946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239083","title":"Analysis of the Security and Reliability of Cryptocurrency Systems Using Knowledge Discovery and Machine Learning Methods","display_name":"Analysis of the Security and Reliability of Cryptocurrency Systems Using Knowledge Discovery and Machine Learning Methods","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309852946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239083","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239083","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9083/pdf?version=1669197791","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9083/pdf?version=1669197791","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029242574","display_name":"Zeinab Shahbazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1520-1799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeinab Shahbazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics & Informatics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1520-1799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics & Informatics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110809957","display_name":"Yung-Cheol Byun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1107-9941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83202590","display_name":"Jeju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hnb4n85","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yung-Cheol Byun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Major of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Information Science & Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Repblic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1107-9941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Major of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Information Science & Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Repblic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110809957"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.8691,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8896705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"23","first_page":"9083","last_page":"9083"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9562000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.923799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.8938162326812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7638857960700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7291686534881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.5391270518302917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4960809648036957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.48768818378448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-machine-learning","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","score":0.4855034351348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4714162051677704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.460918664932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45954200625419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4546809494495392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4427701532840729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.41334858536720276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33542272448539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.11052718758583069}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.8938162326812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7638857960700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7291686534881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5391270518302917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4960809648036957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.48768818378448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.4855034351348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4714162051677704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.460918664932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45954200625419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4546809494495392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4427701532840729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.41334858536720276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33542272448539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11052718758583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063369","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Discovery","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063369","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Discovery","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063369","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Discovery","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239083","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9083/pdf?version=1669197791","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36501786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c478a3aa3dfd4d0aa85b61b911873db7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c478a3aa3dfd4d0aa85b61b911873db7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 23, p 9083 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/23/9083/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 23; Pages: 9083","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9739450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9739450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22239083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239083","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/23/9083/pdf?version=1669197791","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5009347315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S3246057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327819","funder_display_name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327819","display_name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309852946.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2413088062","https://openalex.org/W2610973746","https://openalex.org/W2732937366","https://openalex.org/W2778564608","https://openalex.org/W2785458774","https://openalex.org/W2791934992","https://openalex.org/W2885483330","https://openalex.org/W2894710278","https://openalex.org/W2896252141","https://openalex.org/W2898418766","https://openalex.org/W2898441276","https://openalex.org/W2907683311","https://openalex.org/W2912698222","https://openalex.org/W2912978522","https://openalex.org/W2922178946","https://openalex.org/W2942465044","https://openalex.org/W2944858588","https://openalex.org/W2960336148","https://openalex.org/W2970132321","https://openalex.org/W2979669231","https://openalex.org/W2979708257","https://openalex.org/W2986148461","https://openalex.org/W2996333964","https://openalex.org/W3005604394","https://openalex.org/W3007925633","https://openalex.org/W3012116073","https://openalex.org/W3027300826","https://openalex.org/W3028877729","https://openalex.org/W3042107226","https://openalex.org/W3082118501","https://openalex.org/W3108205245","https://openalex.org/W3114324271","https://openalex.org/W3127622319","https://openalex.org/W3135734324","https://openalex.org/W3140934740","https://openalex.org/W3158874075","https://openalex.org/W3163443398","https://openalex.org/W3166401174","https://openalex.org/W3168644215","https://openalex.org/W3177056500","https://openalex.org/W3179142852","https://openalex.org/W3201038239","https://openalex.org/W3206177834","https://openalex.org/W3209710822","https://openalex.org/W3210179814","https://openalex.org/W3211019699","https://openalex.org/W4205802666","https://openalex.org/W4213425845","https://openalex.org/W4213443201","https://openalex.org/W4226185762","https://openalex.org/W4226475020","https://openalex.org/W4281714606","https://openalex.org/W4283018956","https://openalex.org/W6749438880","https://openalex.org/W6767024460","https://openalex.org/W6795262703","https://openalex.org/W6803905126"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4303984095","https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4396713893","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W2957710009","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cryptocurrency,":[0],"often":[1],"known":[2],"as":[3,125],"virtual":[4],"or":[5,86,92],"digital":[6],"currency,":[7],"is":[8,66,82,172],"a":[9,13,162,166],"safe":[10],"platform":[11],"and":[12,55,106,128,149,154,185],"key":[14],"component":[15],"of":[16,52,58,62,69,134,165,177,183],"the":[17,53,63,67,75,89,97,103,151,175,178,193,197],"blockchain":[18,26,122,152],"that":[19,34,119,196],"has":[20,45],"recently":[21],"attracted":[22],"much":[23],"interest.":[24],"Utilizing":[25],"technology,":[27],"bitcoin":[28,179],"transactions":[29,184],"are":[30,137],"recorded":[31],"in":[32,48,74,181],"blocks":[33],"provide":[35],"detailed":[36],"information":[37],"on":[38,102],"all":[39],"financial":[40],"transactions.":[41],"Artificial":[42],"intelligence":[43],"(AI)":[44],"significant":[46],"applicability":[47],"several":[49],"industries":[50],"because":[51],"abundance":[54],"processing":[56],"capacity":[57],"large":[59],"data.":[60],"One":[61],"main":[64],"issues":[65],"absence":[68],"explanations":[70],"for":[71,88,99,161],"AI":[72,110,135,160],"algorithms":[73],"current":[76],"decision-making":[77],"standards.":[78],"For":[79],"instance,":[80],"there":[81],"no":[83],"deep-learning-based":[84],"reasoning":[85],"control":[87],"system's":[90,169],"input":[91],"output":[93],"processes.":[94],"More":[95],"particularly,":[96],"bias":[98],"adversarial":[100],"attacks":[101],"process":[104],"interface":[105],"learning":[107],"characterizes":[108],"existing":[109],"systems.":[111],"This":[112],"study":[113],"suggests":[114],"an":[115],"AI-based":[116],"trustworthy":[117],"architecture":[118],"uses":[120],"decentralized":[121,132],"characteristics":[123],"such":[124],"smart":[126],"contracts":[127],"trust":[129],"oracles.":[130],"The":[131],"consensuses":[133],"predictors":[136],"also":[138],"decided":[139],"by":[140],"this":[141,168],"system":[142,199],"using":[143],"AI,":[144],"enabling":[145],"secure":[146],"cryptocurrency":[147],"transactions,":[148],"utilizing":[150,159],"technology":[153],"transactional":[155],"network":[156,180],"analysis.":[157],"By":[158],"thorough":[163],"examination":[164],"network,":[167],"primary":[170],"objective":[171],"to":[173,189],"improve":[174],"performance":[176],"terms":[182],"security.":[186],"In":[187],"comparison":[188],"other":[190],"state-of-the-art":[191],"systems,":[192],"results":[194],"demonstrate":[195],"proposed":[198],"can":[200],"achieve":[201],"very":[202],"accurate":[203],"output.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}