{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308866269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228634","title":"DOA Estimation for Massive MIMO Systems with Unknown Mutual Coupling Based on Block Sparse Bayesian Learning","display_name":"DOA Estimation for Massive MIMO Systems with Unknown Mutual Coupling Based on Block Sparse Bayesian Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308866269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228634","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36433231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22228634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/22/8634/pdf?version=1667995664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/22/8634/pdf?version=1667995664","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356165","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3873-4598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3873-4598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104097563","display_name":"Na Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6136-4148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Na Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012394941","display_name":"Xiaohui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9249-1702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9249-1702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071129585","display_name":"Xin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-7427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-7427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629241","display_name":"Yinghui Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6105-0664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054243209","display_name":"Tianshuang Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1992-1120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092944","display_name":"Dalian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2ypp58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianshuang Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944","https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071129585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.7855,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85007509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"22","first_page":"8634","last_page":"8634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6383048295974731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6280209422111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5876949429512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5093084573745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.5051725506782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discretization","display_name":"Discretization","score":0.4866202771663666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"Mutual information","score":0.46945470571517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.46540361642837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.4540983736515045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.44572392106056213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4387272000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3861551880836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.37298035621643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2792632579803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17648091912269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11706241965293884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10072633624076843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6383048295974731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6280209422111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5876949429512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5093084573745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.5051725506782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73000952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827","display_name":"Discretization","level":2,"score":0.4866202771663666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.46945470571517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.46540361642837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4540983736515045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.44572392106056213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4387272000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3861551880836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.37298035621643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2792632579803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17648091912269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11706241965293884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10072633624076843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22228634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/22/8634/pdf?version=1667995664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36433231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36433231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:732237c6ce6f415f8a6ffcd11ff7dd30","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/732237c6ce6f415f8a6ffcd11ff7dd30","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 22, p 8634 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/22/8634/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 22; Pages: 8634","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9695560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9695560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22228634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/22/8634/pdf?version=1667995664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2677019003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62161037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3312985242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JQ07","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322868","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3532639709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322868","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308866269.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308866269.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963799790","https://openalex.org/W2033419225","https://openalex.org/W2068039805","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2178083866","https://openalex.org/W2513373031","https://openalex.org/W2753338871","https://openalex.org/W2797475427","https://openalex.org/W2887288499","https://openalex.org/W2890976618","https://openalex.org/W2973265422","https://openalex.org/W2989714518","https://openalex.org/W2996735031","https://openalex.org/W2999480408","https://openalex.org/W3000950478","https://openalex.org/W3040801364","https://openalex.org/W3048828699","https://openalex.org/W3092310867","https://openalex.org/W3102166889","https://openalex.org/W3109195597","https://openalex.org/W3120384044","https://openalex.org/W3128573489","https://openalex.org/W3129629946","https://openalex.org/W3157203004","https://openalex.org/W3157943491","https://openalex.org/W3162831363","https://openalex.org/W3176072501","https://openalex.org/W3190966103","https://openalex.org/W3192919170","https://openalex.org/W3194646605","https://openalex.org/W3195872461","https://openalex.org/W3209308355","https://openalex.org/W3211567339","https://openalex.org/W3215108492","https://openalex.org/W3216647046","https://openalex.org/W4200308706","https://openalex.org/W4205168601","https://openalex.org/W4205264534","https://openalex.org/W4206164919","https://openalex.org/W4206919906","https://openalex.org/W4210580976","https://openalex.org/W4224228169","https://openalex.org/W4224913778","https://openalex.org/W4282981876","https://openalex.org/W4292977357","https://openalex.org/W6784185503","https://openalex.org/W6790803686","https://openalex.org/W6806412184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013692990","https://openalex.org/W1502194460","https://openalex.org/W2172110403","https://openalex.org/W4376608380","https://openalex.org/W2517787832","https://openalex.org/W2130116177","https://openalex.org/W2074954788","https://openalex.org/W4316658506","https://openalex.org/W2114845579","https://openalex.org/W2289436013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Obtaining":[0],"accurate":[1],"angle":[2],"parameters":[3,100],"using":[4,131],"direction-of-arrival":[5],"(DOA)":[6],"estimation":[7,63,150,177],"algorithms":[8,29],"is":[9,54,65,86,94,109,128,164],"crucial":[10],"for":[11,43],"acquiring":[12],"channel":[13],"state":[14],"information":[15],"(CSI)":[16],"in":[17,39,75,88],"massive":[18],"multiple-input":[19],"multiple-output":[20],"(MIMO)":[21],"systems.":[22],"However,":[23],"the":[24,27,45,49,61,90,98,103,107,113,118,125,132,137,141,148,158,161],"performance":[25],"of":[26,106,140],"existing":[28,159],"deteriorates":[30],"severely":[31],"due":[32],"to":[33,96,135,146,167],"mutual":[34,47,57,168],"coupling":[35,58,169],"between":[36],"antenna":[37],"elements":[38],"practical":[40],"engineering.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"solving":[44],"array":[46,50],"coupling,":[48],"output":[51],"signal":[52,70],"vector":[53],"modeled":[55],"by":[56,111,122],"coefficients":[59],"and":[60,72,102,170,173],"DOA":[62,149],"problem":[64],"transformed":[66],"into":[67],"block":[68],"sparse":[69,81],"reconstruction":[71],"parameter":[73],"optimization":[74],"this":[76],"paper.":[77],"Then,":[78],"a":[79],"novel":[80],"Bayesian":[82],"learning":[83],"(SBL)-based":[84],"algorithm":[85,93,108,163],"proposed,":[87],"which":[89],"expectation-maximum":[91],"(EM)":[92],"used":[95],"estimate":[97],"unknown":[99],"iteratively,":[101],"convergence":[104],"speed":[105],"enhanced":[110],"utilizing":[112],"approximate":[114],"approximation.":[115],"Moreover,":[116],"considering":[117],"off-grid":[119,171],"error":[120,172],"caused":[121],"discretization":[123],"processes,":[124],"grid":[126,142],"refinement":[127],"carried":[129],"out":[130],"polynomial":[133],"roots":[134],"realize":[136],"dynamic":[138],"update":[139],"points,":[143],"so":[144],"as":[145],"improve":[147],"accuracy.":[151],"Simulation":[152],"results":[153],"show":[154],"that":[155],"compared":[156],"with":[157],"algorithms,":[160],"proposed":[162],"more":[165],"robust":[166],"can":[174],"obtain":[175],"better":[176],"performance.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
