{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308351844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218472","title":"Real-Time Step Length Estimation in Indoor and Outdoor Scenarios","display_name":"Real-Time Step Length Estimation in Indoor and Outdoor Scenarios","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308351844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218472","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36366171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8472/pdf?version=1667895648","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8472/pdf?version=1667895648","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077740488","display_name":"Zanru Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8106-9258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zanru Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082959326","display_name":"Le Chung Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2677-8721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Chung Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045728009","display_name":"Farzad Safaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4322-4448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farzad Safaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078268519","display_name":"Anh Tuyen Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9229-4557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh Tuyen Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056466348","display_name":"Attaphongse Taparugssanagorn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-7706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38538140","display_name":"Asian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0403qcr87","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38538140"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Attaphongse Taparugssanagorn","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38538140"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077740488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.4604,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6136985,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"21","first_page":"8472","last_page":"8472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5870503187179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4979739189147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.468056857585907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3821455240249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.37203943729400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2554727792739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18729475140571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.12178066372871399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5870503187179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4979739189147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.468056857585907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3821455240249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37203943729400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2554727792739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18729475140571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.12178066372871399}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000842","descriptor_name":"Ankle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000842","descriptor_name":"Ankle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000842","descriptor_name":"Ankle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000843","descriptor_name":"Ankle Joint","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000843","descriptor_name":"Ankle Joint","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000843","descriptor_name":"Ankle Joint","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8472/pdf?version=1667895648","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36366171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36366171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.uow.edu.au:test2021-12583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.uow.edu.au/test2021/7036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400510","display_name":"Research Online (University of Wollongong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","host_organization_name":"University of Wollongong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus Harvesting Series","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:af4944b9cb054a1c8401098899f22a53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/af4944b9cb054a1c8401098899f22a53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 21, p 8472 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/21/8472/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 21; Pages: 8472","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9656841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9656841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8472/pdf?version=1667895648","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308351844.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308351844.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102499664","https://openalex.org/W1571757825","https://openalex.org/W1629619802","https://openalex.org/W1968016787","https://openalex.org/W1970493599","https://openalex.org/W2016867289","https://openalex.org/W2021909781","https://openalex.org/W2026774490","https://openalex.org/W2028069165","https://openalex.org/W2032409772","https://openalex.org/W2038195047","https://openalex.org/W2045686382","https://openalex.org/W2054973084","https://openalex.org/W2056463249","https://openalex.org/W2128416094","https://openalex.org/W2148262136","https://openalex.org/W2158942370","https://openalex.org/W2159296038","https://openalex.org/W2161938769","https://openalex.org/W2162229274","https://openalex.org/W2163703533","https://openalex.org/W2171819357","https://openalex.org/W2346236738","https://openalex.org/W2532570775","https://openalex.org/W2535510583","https://openalex.org/W2573165534","https://openalex.org/W2578840260","https://openalex.org/W2767311216","https://openalex.org/W2973091013","https://openalex.org/W3118578230","https://openalex.org/W3203078029","https://openalex.org/W4213130179","https://openalex.org/W4233161378","https://openalex.org/W4281654562","https://openalex.org/W6683417025","https://openalex.org/W6684436448"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,74],"paper,":[2],"human":[3,53],"step":[4,55,84,108,134,148,169,234],"length":[5,56,85,109,149,170,235],"is":[6,33,39,57,150,160,180,186],"estimated":[7,58],"based":[8],"on":[9,153],"the":[10,15,29,36,70,100,107,125,133,141,154,157,164,168,177,183,196,217,224,233,245],"wireless":[11],"channel":[12],"properties":[13],"and":[14,48,69,102,105,131,182,214,219,242,248],"received":[16],"signal":[17],"strength":[18],"indicator":[19],"(RSSI)":[20],"method.":[21],"The":[22,52,66,112,147,174],"path":[23,31],"loss":[24],"between":[25],"two":[26],"ankles,":[27],"called":[28,127],"on-ankle":[30],"loss,":[32],"converted":[34],"from":[35],"RSSI,":[37],"which":[38],"measured":[40],"by":[41,59,88,240],"our":[42,82,116,204],"developed":[43],"wearable":[44],"hardware":[45],"in":[46,172],"indoor":[47,218,246],"outdoor":[49,220,249],"ambulation":[50],"scenarios.":[51,191],"walking":[54,247],"a":[60,90,128,145],"reliable":[61],"range":[62,75],"of":[63,73,124,176,232],"RSSI":[64],"values.":[65],"upper":[67,101],"threshold":[68,72],"lower":[71,103],"are":[76],"determined":[77],"experimentally.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"advances":[81],"previous":[83],"measurement":[86,117],"technique":[87,118,207],"proposing":[89],"novel":[91],"exponential":[92],"weighted":[93],"moving":[94],"average":[95],"(EWMA)":[96],"algorithm":[97,114,166,198],"to":[98,119,139,228],"update":[99],"thresholds,":[104],"thus":[106],"estimation,":[110],"recursively.":[111],"EWMA":[113,165,178,197],"allows":[115],"process":[120,140],"each":[121],"shorter":[122],"subset":[123],"dataset,":[126],"time":[129,158,226],"window,":[130],"estimate":[132],"length,":[135],"rather":[136],"than":[137],"having":[138],"whole":[142],"dataset":[143],"at":[144],"time.":[146],"periodically":[151],"updated":[152],"fly":[155],"when":[156],"window":[159],"\"sliding\"":[161],"forwards.":[162],"Thus,":[163],"facilitates":[167],"estimation":[171,231],"real-time.":[173],"impact":[175],"parameter":[179,185],"analysed,":[181],"optimal":[184],"discovered":[187],"for":[188,216,244],"different":[189],"experimental":[190],"Our":[192],"experiments":[193],"show":[194],"that":[195],"could":[199,236],"achieve":[200],"comparable":[201],"accuracy":[202],"as":[203,210,212],"previously":[205],"proposed":[206],"with":[208],"errors":[209],"small":[211],"3.02%":[213],"0.30%":[215],"scenarios,":[221],"respectively,":[222],"while":[223],"processing":[225],"required":[227],"output":[229],"an":[230],"be":[237],"significantly":[238],"shortened":[239],"53.96%":[241],"60%":[243],"walking,":[250],"respectively.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}