{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308198127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218456","title":"Self-Mixing Laser Distance-Sensor Enhanced by Multiple Modulation Waveforms","display_name":"Self-Mixing Laser Distance-Sensor Enhanced by Multiple Modulation Waveforms","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308198127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218456","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36366155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218456","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8456/pdf?version=1667466478","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8456/pdf?version=1667466478","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075592918","display_name":"Federico Cavedo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5639-3825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Cavedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5639-3825","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010142284","display_name":"Parisa Esmaili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4101-4981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parisa Esmaili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4101-4981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058571469","display_name":"Michele Norgia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8571-1527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michele Norgia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8571-1527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058571469"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3848,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8061223,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"21","first_page":"8456","last_page":"8456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.7616249322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7046980261802673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.6175675988197327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5922133922576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5551931262016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5129992365837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.5033983588218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.49214738607406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-pattern","display_name":"Speckle pattern","score":0.4779815077781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.4716600179672241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","score":0.4624834656715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emphasis","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","score":0.45574143528938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.44179508090019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.41963890194892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.31325891613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24551668763160706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2165956199169159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19467338919639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1834070384502411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15514817833900452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.12948137521743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.08589696884155273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.7616249322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7046980261802673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.6175675988197327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5922133922576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5551931262016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5129992365837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5033983588218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.49214738607406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102290492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle pattern","level":2,"score":0.4779815077781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.4716600179672241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4624834656715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177454536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578290","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.45574143528938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.44179508090019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.41963890194892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.31325891613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24551668763160706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2165956199169159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19467338919639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1834070384502411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15514817833900452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.12948137521743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08589696884155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218456","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8456/pdf?version=1667466478","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36366155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36366155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14515360437e4caba5f296b00c0d2fac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14515360437e4caba5f296b00c0d2fac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 21, p 8456 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/21/8456/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 21; Pages: 8456","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9655176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9655176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1227528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1227528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218456","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8456/pdf?version=1667466478","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308198127.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308198127.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1429826346","https://openalex.org/W1967451812","https://openalex.org/W1970258625","https://openalex.org/W1972255196","https://openalex.org/W1982152489","https://openalex.org/W1982844716","https://openalex.org/W1993529633","https://openalex.org/W2000856250","https://openalex.org/W2020106446","https://openalex.org/W2021314727","https://openalex.org/W2033078780","https://openalex.org/W2035912841","https://openalex.org/W2040046752","https://openalex.org/W2043339279","https://openalex.org/W2048416422","https://openalex.org/W2057145392","https://openalex.org/W2061264363","https://openalex.org/W2063114721","https://openalex.org/W2065799690","https://openalex.org/W2070879006","https://openalex.org/W2072629610","https://openalex.org/W2086641795","https://openalex.org/W2099470931","https://openalex.org/W2100142363","https://openalex.org/W2115346887","https://openalex.org/W2115744554","https://openalex.org/W2116254979","https://openalex.org/W2135691910","https://openalex.org/W2137287124","https://openalex.org/W2140665431","https://openalex.org/W2146675116","https://openalex.org/W2147549206","https://openalex.org/W2152119845","https://openalex.org/W2181353653","https://openalex.org/W2198374915","https://openalex.org/W2384170504","https://openalex.org/W2473671994","https://openalex.org/W2515095601","https://openalex.org/W2536127143","https://openalex.org/W2536765827","https://openalex.org/W2735193605","https://openalex.org/W2809164542","https://openalex.org/W2900706050","https://openalex.org/W3083274090","https://openalex.org/W3094405975","https://openalex.org/W3120891898","https://openalex.org/W3138471273","https://openalex.org/W3203796700"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055105357","https://openalex.org/W2153819599","https://openalex.org/W2255426644","https://openalex.org/W4390911758","https://openalex.org/W2072124641","https://openalex.org/W2167093538","https://openalex.org/W2018956713","https://openalex.org/W2081479354","https://openalex.org/W2113107605","https://openalex.org/W3035725271"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"rangefinders":[1],"based":[2],"on":[3,14],"Self-Mixing":[4],"Interferometry":[5],"are":[6],"widely":[7],"described":[8],"in":[9,37],"literature,":[10],"but":[11],"not":[12],"yet":[13],"the":[15,90,96,111,117],"market":[16],"as":[17],"commercial":[18],"instruments.":[19],"The":[20],"main":[21],"reason":[22],"is":[23,26,42,85],"that":[24],"it":[25,41],"relatively":[27],"easy":[28],"to":[29,45,72,87,94,104,110,125],"propose":[30,54],"new":[31],"elaboration":[32],"techniques":[33],"and":[34,77],"get":[35],"results":[36],"controlled":[38],"conditions,":[39],"while":[40],"very":[43],"difficult":[44],"develop":[46],"a":[47,55,64,68],"reliable":[48],"instrument.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"we":[53],"laser":[56],"distance":[57,129],"sensor":[58],"with":[59,119],"improved":[60],"reliability,":[61],"realized":[62],"through":[63],"wavelength":[65,97],"modulation":[66,91],"at":[67,130],"different":[69],"frequency,":[70],"able":[71],"decorrelate":[73],"single":[74],"measurement":[75],"errors":[76],"obtain":[78],"improvement":[79],"by":[80],"averages.":[81],"A":[82,114],"dedicated":[83],"software":[84],"implemented":[86],"automatically":[88],"calculate":[89],"pre-emphasis,":[92],"needed":[93],"linearize":[95],"modulation.":[98],"Finally,":[99],"data":[100],"selection":[101],"algorithms":[102],"allow":[103],"overcome":[105],"signal":[106],"fading":[107],"problems":[108],"due":[109],"speckle":[112],"effect.":[113],"prototype":[115],"demonstrates":[116],"approach":[118],"about":[120],"0.1":[121],"mm":[122],"accuracy":[123],"up":[124],"2":[126],"m":[127],"of":[128],"200":[131],"measurements":[132],"per":[133],"second.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}