{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307939038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218334","title":"Application of Smoothing Spline in Determining the Unmanned Ground Vehicles Route Based on Ultra-Wideband Distance Measurements","display_name":"Application of Smoothing Spline in Determining the Unmanned Ground Vehicles Route Based on Ultra-Wideband Distance Measurements","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307939038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218334","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36366031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218334","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8334/pdf?version=1667206872","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8334/pdf?version=1667206872","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001580349","display_name":"\u0141ukasz Ryka\u0142a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2301-3280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"\u0141ukasz Ryka\u0142a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2301-3280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065504049","display_name":"A. Typiak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1992-015X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrzej Typiak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079549294","display_name":"Rafa\u0142 Typiak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-9979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafa\u0142 Typiak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-9979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001665412","display_name":"Magdalena Ryka\u0142a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-5287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdalena Ryka\u0142a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Security, Logistics and Management, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-5287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Security, Logistics and Management, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001580349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.4616,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61464262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"21","first_page":"8334","last_page":"8334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.8304466009140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmanned-ground-vehicle","display_name":"Unmanned ground vehicle","score":0.641258955001831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5967904925346375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5283870100975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spline","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","score":0.5061385035514832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing-spline","display_name":"Smoothing spline","score":0.5055365562438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.48610687255859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3970068097114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3013092577457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29358839988708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.23458778858184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spline-interpolation","display_name":"Spline interpolation","score":0.12059018015861511}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.8304466009140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776548393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2031473","display_name":"Unmanned ground vehicle","level":2,"score":0.641258955001831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5967904925346375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5283870100975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581809","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","level":2,"score":0.5061385035514832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7546460","display_name":"Smoothing spline","level":4,"score":0.5055365562438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.48610687255859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3970068097114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3013092577457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29358839988708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.23458778858184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31447003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545002","display_name":"Spline interpolation","level":3,"score":0.12059018015861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218334","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8334/pdf?version=1667206872","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36366031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36366031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee31289e37e14f588a11b8553df9b6c9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee31289e37e14f588a11b8553df9b6c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 21, p 8334 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/21/8334/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 21; Pages: 8334","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9656868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9656868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218334","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8334/pdf?version=1667206872","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307939038.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307939038.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72426453","https://openalex.org/W2402514617","https://openalex.org/W2883506091","https://openalex.org/W2890807499","https://openalex.org/W2895647709","https://openalex.org/W2913100396","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2981997809","https://openalex.org/W2992968053","https://openalex.org/W3009831911","https://openalex.org/W3096811162","https://openalex.org/W3113030704","https://openalex.org/W3117945981","https://openalex.org/W3129265343","https://openalex.org/W3134245148","https://openalex.org/W3145583548","https://openalex.org/W3161656294","https://openalex.org/W3198557179","https://openalex.org/W3202723447","https://openalex.org/W3209957588","https://openalex.org/W4225249081","https://openalex.org/W4236668530","https://openalex.org/W4250012170","https://openalex.org/W4286279333","https://openalex.org/W4289437843"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160550653","https://openalex.org/W1004284732","https://openalex.org/W1833023352","https://openalex.org/W3125802181","https://openalex.org/W2033337756","https://openalex.org/W1980787558","https://openalex.org/W1981039615","https://openalex.org/W1498443186","https://openalex.org/W2499055041","https://openalex.org/W2158092971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"ground":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UGVs)":[3],"are":[4],"technically":[5],"complex":[6],"machines":[7],"to":[8,53,116,135],"operate":[9],"in":[10,24,127],"difficult":[11],"or":[12],"dangerous":[13],"environmental":[14],"conditions.":[15],"In":[16],"recent":[17],"years,":[18],"there":[19],"has":[20,105],"been":[21,106],"an":[22,68],"increase":[23],"research":[25],"on":[26,62,77,148],"so":[27],"called":[28],"\"following":[29],"vehicles\".":[30],"The":[31,58,139],"said":[32],"concept":[33],"introduces":[34],"a":[35,83,88,101,112,136],"guide-an":[36],"object":[37],"that":[38,108],"sets":[39],"the":[40,42,47,50,55,63,79,97,109,117,124,128,149,153,157],"route":[41,81],"platform":[43],"should":[44],"follow.":[45],"Afterwards,":[46],"role":[48],"of":[49,67,96,111,130,141,152,156],"UGV":[51],"is":[52,60,94],"reproduce":[54],"mentioned":[56],"path.":[57],"article":[59,143],"based":[61],"field":[64],"test":[65],"results":[66],"outdoor":[69],"localization":[70],"subsystem":[71],"using":[72,82],"ultra-wideband":[73],"technology.":[74],"It":[75,104],"focuses":[76],"determining":[78],"guide's":[80,125,158],"smoothing":[84,113,150],"spline":[85],"for":[86,99,122],"constructing":[87],"UGV's":[89],"path":[90,126],"planning":[91],"subsystem,":[92],"which":[93],"one":[95],"stages":[98],"implementing":[100],"\"follow-me\"":[102],"system.":[103],"shown":[107],"use":[110],"spline,":[114],"due":[115],"implemented":[118],"mathematical":[119],"model,":[120],"allows":[121],"recreating":[123],"event":[129],"data":[131],"decay":[132],"lasting":[133],"up":[134],"several":[137],"seconds.":[138],"innovation":[140],"this":[142],"originates":[144],"from":[145],"influencing":[146],"studies":[147],"parameter":[151],"estimation":[154],"errors":[155],"location.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
