{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307945509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218263","title":"DAG-Based Blockchain Sharding for Secure Federated Learning with Non-IID Data","display_name":"DAG-Based Blockchain Sharding for Secure Federated Learning with Non-IID Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307945509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218263","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36365960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8263/pdf?version=1666948545","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8263/pdf?version=1666948545","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103967969","display_name":"Jungjae Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungjae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Gachon University, Seongnam 1342, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Gachon University, Seongnam 1342, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103004428","display_name":"Wooseong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-3421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wooseong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Gachon University, Seongnam 1342, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-3421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Gachon University, Seongnam 1342, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103004428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.6646,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86583422,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"21","first_page":"8263","last_page":"8263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9545528888702393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.8301303386688232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8056247234344482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.7914808392524719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-sharing","display_name":"Data sharing","score":0.6085361242294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.5582385659217834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5105081796646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4101461172103882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.34106963872909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.31162017583847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2234947383403778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13622045516967773}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9545528888702393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.8301303386688232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8056247234344482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.7914808392524719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.6085361242294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.5582385659217834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5105081796646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4101461172103882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.34106963872909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.31162017583847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2234947383403778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13622045516967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8263/pdf?version=1666948545","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36365960","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36365960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:375abcfd0a5f496fbc58d8395507fdd0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/375abcfd0a5f496fbc58d8395507fdd0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 21, p 8263 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/21/8263/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 21; Pages: 8263","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9656904","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9656904","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8263/pdf?version=1666948545","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3429280269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1F1A1074767","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307945509.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307945509.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105685537","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2399579591","https://openalex.org/W2486460265","https://openalex.org/W2513577354","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2565516711","https://openalex.org/W2752689052","https://openalex.org/W2758544228","https://openalex.org/W2789911054","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2914790213","https://openalex.org/W2919358988","https://openalex.org/W2984693664","https://openalex.org/W2990614164","https://openalex.org/W2990700079","https://openalex.org/W3006403513","https://openalex.org/W3006655855","https://openalex.org/W3009627224","https://openalex.org/W3014517104","https://openalex.org/W3015795671","https://openalex.org/W3016169665","https://openalex.org/W3019945581","https://openalex.org/W3047304572","https://openalex.org/W3048448986","https://openalex.org/W3058760796","https://openalex.org/W3093034895","https://openalex.org/W3100637206","https://openalex.org/W3109695251","https://openalex.org/W3111419317","https://openalex.org/W3136022984","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3156173029","https://openalex.org/W3156226702","https://openalex.org/W3156284706","https://openalex.org/W3190772738","https://openalex.org/W3196371845","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4223932426","https://openalex.org/W6685807058","https://openalex.org/W6754199392","https://openalex.org/W6784479114","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3216065934","https://openalex.org/W1968399615","https://openalex.org/W1992241391","https://openalex.org/W3039437223"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,17,52,82],"is":[2],"a":[3,28,41,46,50,55,67,72,93],"type":[4],"of":[5,11,66,80,96],"privacy-preserving,":[6],"collaborative":[7],"machine":[8],"learning.":[9],"Instead":[10],"sharing":[12],"raw":[13],"data,":[14],"the":[15,21,78,97],"federated":[16,51,81],"process":[18,53],"cooperatively":[19],"exchanges":[20],"model":[22],"parameters":[23],"and":[24,39,62,86],"aggregates":[25],"them":[26],"in":[27,83],"decentralized":[29],"manner":[30],"through":[31],"multiple":[32],"users.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"study,":[36],"we":[37],"designed":[38],"implemented":[40],"hierarchical":[42],"blockchain":[43,48],"system":[44],"using":[45],"public":[47],"for":[49],"without":[54],"trusted":[56],"curator.":[57],"This":[58],"prevents":[59],"model-poisoning":[60],"attacks":[61],"provides":[63],"secure":[64],"updates":[65],"global":[68],"model.":[69],"We":[70],"conducted":[71],"comprehensive":[73],"empirical":[74],"study":[75],"to":[76],"characterize":[77],"performance":[79,89],"our":[84],"testbed":[85],"identify":[87],"potential":[88],"bottlenecks,":[90],"thereby":[91],"gaining":[92],"better":[94],"understanding":[95],"system.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}