{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307437194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218246","title":"A 24 GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion RF Receiver with I/Q Mismatch Calibration for Radar Sensor Applications","display_name":"A 24 GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion RF Receiver with I/Q Mismatch Calibration for Radar Sensor Applications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307437194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218246","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8246/pdf?version=1666879507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8246/pdf?version=1666879507","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777162","display_name":"Yongho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9181-4186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350562","display_name":"Soyeon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7049-9191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soyeon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon 16677, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon 16677, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025117341","display_name":"Hyunchol Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-3428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyunchol Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-3428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025117341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.4616,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61432941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"21","first_page":"8246","last_page":"8246"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.6164693832397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.580833911895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5500614643096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/varicap","display_name":"Varicap","score":0.537461519241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/w-band","display_name":"W band","score":0.47963768243789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-response","display_name":"Image response","score":0.4629107117652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic-mixer","display_name":"Harmonic mixer","score":0.45568159222602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-figure","display_name":"Noise figure","score":0.45492783188819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.45408207178115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rf-power-amplifier","display_name":"RF power amplifier","score":0.4405534267425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.43789368867874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.43701502680778503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediate-frequency","display_name":"Intermediate frequency","score":0.4318183958530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.423700213432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-oscillator","display_name":"Local oscillator","score":0.4057421088218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.33412015438079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3048151135444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.298563688993454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.6164693832397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.580833911895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5500614643096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15485314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467463","display_name":"Varicap","level":4,"score":0.537461519241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781183794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3772984","display_name":"W band","level":2,"score":0.47963768243789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136837220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16996684","display_name":"Image response","level":4,"score":0.4629107117652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97145050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5659262","display_name":"Harmonic mixer","level":4,"score":0.45568159222602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112806910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746825","display_name":"Noise figure","level":4,"score":0.45492783188819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.45408207178115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196054291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7276624","display_name":"RF power amplifier","level":4,"score":0.4405534267425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.43789368867874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.43701502680778503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8480308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244948","display_name":"Intermediate frequency","level":3,"score":0.4318183958530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.423700213432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203597036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1238887","display_name":"Local oscillator","level":3,"score":0.4057421088218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.33412015438079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3048151135444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.298563688993454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218246","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8246/pdf?version=1666879507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:70edae7004b54e09b339170446f0e26a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/70edae7004b54e09b339170446f0e26a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 21, p 8246 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/21/8246/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 21; Pages: 8246","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9658703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9658703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218246","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8246/pdf?version=1666879507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2009588260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A2C1008484","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321374","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322202","display_name":"IC Design Education Center","ror":"https://ror.org/005v57z85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307437194.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307437194.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1936553685","https://openalex.org/W2010912898","https://openalex.org/W2026991888","https://openalex.org/W2060920744","https://openalex.org/W2108812909","https://openalex.org/W2112728827","https://openalex.org/W2124565735","https://openalex.org/W2143485165","https://openalex.org/W2169888954","https://openalex.org/W2590469793","https://openalex.org/W2612788408","https://openalex.org/W2752111207","https://openalex.org/W2777093677","https://openalex.org/W2782946752","https://openalex.org/W2790038676","https://openalex.org/W2798864485","https://openalex.org/W2809320907","https://openalex.org/W3010709841","https://openalex.org/W3011279452","https://openalex.org/W3013793895","https://openalex.org/W3045673711","https://openalex.org/W3130806820","https://openalex.org/W3145542133","https://openalex.org/W3165469325","https://openalex.org/W3185720133","https://openalex.org/W3189833673","https://openalex.org/W4205971121","https://openalex.org/W4207071576","https://openalex.org/W4220836639","https://openalex.org/W6652949876","https://openalex.org/W6725968055","https://openalex.org/W6752229249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607848168","https://openalex.org/W3090142945","https://openalex.org/W2050481075","https://openalex.org/W2968194788","https://openalex.org/W2057928159","https://openalex.org/W3211589535","https://openalex.org/W3152497126","https://openalex.org/W4390602396","https://openalex.org/W2999011142","https://openalex.org/W3152894919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"24":[1],"GHz":[2,194],"millimeter-wave":[3],"direct-conversion":[4,35],"radio-frequency":[5],"(RF)":[6],"receiver":[7,29,82,174],"with":[8],"wide-range":[9],"and":[10,51,70,92,123,146,187,221,232],"precise":[11],"I/Q":[12,49,74,210],"mismatch":[13,75,144,150,211],"calibration":[14,76,131,212],"is":[15,30,114,138,151,213],"designed":[16,79],"in":[17,106,167],"65":[18,168],"nm":[19,169],"CMOS":[20,27,80,170],"technology":[21],"for":[22,66,141],"radar":[23],"sensor":[24],"applications.":[25],"The":[26,78,205],"RF":[28,81,173],"based":[31],"on":[32],"a":[33,62,84,111,201],"quadrature":[34,87,93],"architecture.":[36],"Analytic":[37],"relations":[38],"are":[39,224],"derived":[40],"to":[41,54,116,229,235],"clearly":[42],"exhibit":[43],"the":[44,48,55,68,73,97,103,107,121,126,130,133,142,147,156,161,172,208,219],"individual":[45,98],"contributions":[46],"of":[47,72,102,125,207],"amplitude":[50,122,143,220],"phase":[52,124,149,222],"mismatches":[53,223],"image-rejection":[56],"ratio":[57],"(IRR)":[58],"degradation,":[59],"which":[60],"provides":[61],"useful":[63],"design":[64],"guide":[65],"determining":[67],"range":[69],"resolution":[71],"circuit.":[77],"comprises":[83],"low-noise":[85],"amplifier,":[86,91],"down-conversion":[88,108],"mixer,":[89],"baseband":[90],"LO":[94,162],"generator.":[95],"Controlling":[96],"gate":[99,135],"bias":[100,136],"voltages":[101],"switching":[104],"FETs":[105],"mixer":[109,134],"having":[110],"resistive":[112],"load":[113],"found":[115],"induce":[117],"significant":[118],"changes":[119],"at":[120,160],"output":[127],"signal.":[128],"In":[129],"process,":[132,171],"tuning":[137,159],"first":[139],"performed":[140],"calibration,":[145],"remaining":[148],"then":[152],"calibrated":[153],"out":[154],"by":[155,216],"varactor":[157],"capacitance":[158],"buffer\u2019s":[163],"LC":[164],"load.":[165],"Implemented":[166],"achieves":[175],"31.5":[176],"dB":[177,184,189,228],"power":[178],"gain,":[179],"\u221235.2":[180],"dBm":[181],"input-referred":[182],"1":[183],"compression":[185],"power,":[186],"4.8\u20137.1":[188],"noise":[190],"figure":[191],"across":[192],"22.5\u201326.1":[193],"band,":[195],"while":[196],"dissipating":[197],"106.2":[198],"mA":[199],"from":[200,226,233],"1.2":[202],"V":[203],"supply.":[204],"effectiveness":[206],"proposed":[209],"successfully":[214],"verified":[215],"observing":[217],"that":[218],"improved":[225],"1.0\u20131.5":[227],"0.02\u20130.19":[230],"dB,":[231],"10.8\u201323.8":[234],"1.1\u20133.2":[236],"degrees,":[237],"respectively.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}