{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307280310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218202","title":"The Algorithm of Watershed Color Image Segmentation Based on Morphological Gradient","display_name":"The Algorithm of Watershed Color Image Segmentation Based on Morphological Gradient","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307280310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8202/pdf?version=1667892171","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8202/pdf?version=1667892171","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079545178","display_name":"Yanyan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-701X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanyan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Digital Technology and Engineering, Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo 315175, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Digital Technology and Engineering, Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo 315175, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066369882","display_name":"Qian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4619-3920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Digital Technology and Engineering, Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo 315175, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Digital Technology and Engineering, Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo 315175, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079545178"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":7.9962,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97907151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"21","first_page":"8202","last_page":"8202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6582527160644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphological-gradient","display_name":"Morphological gradient","score":0.6536731123924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-gradient","display_name":"Image gradient","score":0.5826703310012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5812759399414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5504447817802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range-segmentation","display_name":"Range segmentation","score":0.5053523182868958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5026125907897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4975643455982208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-image","display_name":"Binary image","score":0.4951905310153961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4913083612918854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation-based-object-categorization","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","score":0.44727498292922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.44643014669418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.4108502268791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.39774468541145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3852626383304596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3589335083961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33112841844558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-texture","display_name":"Image texture","score":0.3183162808418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.2514047920703888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6582527160644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96133863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6913458","display_name":"Morphological gradient","level":5,"score":0.6536731123924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182037307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17039097","display_name":"Image gradient","level":5,"score":0.5826703310012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5812759399414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5504447817802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67561299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7292710","display_name":"Range segmentation","level":5,"score":0.5053523182868958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5026125907897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4975643455982208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193828747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864118","display_name":"Binary image","level":4,"score":0.4951905310153961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4913083612918854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25694479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7446278","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","level":5,"score":0.44727498292922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44643014669418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.4108502268791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.39774468541145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3852626383304596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3589335083961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33112841844558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63099799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17147001","display_name":"Image texture","level":4,"score":0.3183162808418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2514047920703888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8202/pdf?version=1667892171","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:27600edf57f44794aff4232a14a5a745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/27600edf57f44794aff4232a14a5a745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 21, p 8202 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/21/8202/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 21; Pages: 8202","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9657866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9657866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8202/pdf?version=1667892171","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322605","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307280310.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097164998","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2122067266","https://openalex.org/W2124260943","https://openalex.org/W2129270032","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2133228628","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2162965383","https://openalex.org/W2204126417","https://openalex.org/W2314737038","https://openalex.org/W2339335523","https://openalex.org/W2344126189","https://openalex.org/W2362627347","https://openalex.org/W2380826028","https://openalex.org/W2710840001","https://openalex.org/W2789926374","https://openalex.org/W2793980114","https://openalex.org/W2794148311","https://openalex.org/W2796142347","https://openalex.org/W2888426105","https://openalex.org/W2890618720","https://openalex.org/W2897204591","https://openalex.org/W2904996348","https://openalex.org/W2911187395","https://openalex.org/W2911268982","https://openalex.org/W2913813290","https://openalex.org/W2928916016","https://openalex.org/W2948116323","https://openalex.org/W2948730236","https://openalex.org/W2965067658","https://openalex.org/W2967083138","https://openalex.org/W2973089494","https://openalex.org/W3005687118","https://openalex.org/W3036076032","https://openalex.org/W3087579356","https://openalex.org/W3089460656","https://openalex.org/W3134978925","https://openalex.org/W4206309809","https://openalex.org/W4281717589","https://openalex.org/W6710274539","https://openalex.org/W6749873661","https://openalex.org/W6754454683","https://openalex.org/W6763389709"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150504945","https://openalex.org/W4210660906","https://openalex.org/W264606855","https://openalex.org/W2390961417","https://openalex.org/W2354351050","https://openalex.org/W2189360509","https://openalex.org/W1522429714","https://openalex.org/W2139424508","https://openalex.org/W2185189965","https://openalex.org/W3090569645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,55,71,88,203],"traditional":[1],"watershed":[2,21],"algorithm":[3,75,191,211,225],"has":[4,192],"the":[5,36,52,65,80,84,96,102,114,128,145,150,156,160,166,171,181,185,189,209,217,220,223],"disadvantage":[6],"of":[7,39,131,159,208,222],"over-segmentation":[8],"and":[9,62,101,121,168,184,205],"interference":[10],"with":[11,95,138,180],"an":[12,19,119],"image":[13,23,42,57,68,91,105],"by":[14,51,60,108,149,201],"reflected":[15,53,151],"light.":[16,54,152],"We":[17],"propose":[18],"improved":[20],"color":[22,41,46],"segmentation":[24,132,228],"algorithm.":[25],"It":[26,125,153,163],"is":[27,48,58,69,76,92,106,212],"based":[28],"on":[29],"a":[30,40,44,193],"morphological":[31],"gradient.":[32],"This":[33],"method":[34,116,183],"obtains":[35],"component":[37],"gradient":[38,56,67,86,90,104],"in":[43,196,226],"new":[45],"space":[47],"not":[49],"disturbed":[50],"reconstructed":[59],"opening":[61],"closing.":[63],"Therefore,":[64],"final":[66,85],"obtained.":[70],"maximum":[72],"inter-class":[73],"variance":[74],"used":[77],"to":[78],"obtain":[79,118],"threshold":[81,187],"automatically":[82],"for":[83],"image.":[87],"original":[89],"forcibly":[93],"calibrated":[94],"obtained":[97],"binary":[98],"labeled":[99],"image,":[100],"modified":[103],"segmented":[107],"watershed.":[109],"Experimental":[110],"results":[111],"show":[112],"that":[113,178],"proposed":[115,190,210,224],"can":[117,143,175,229],"accurate":[120],"continuous":[122],"target":[123],"contour.":[124],"will":[126,154,164],"achieve":[127],"minimum":[129],"number":[130],"regions":[133],"following":[134],"human":[135],"vision.":[136],"Compared":[137],"similar":[139],"algorithms,":[140],"this":[141],"way":[142],"suppress":[144],"meaningless":[146],"area":[147],"generated":[148],"maintain":[155],"edge":[157],"information":[158],"object":[161,227],"well.":[162],"improve":[165],"robustness":[167],"applicability.":[169],"From":[170],"experimental":[172,218],"results,":[173],"it":[174],"be":[176,230],"seen":[177],"compared":[179],"region-growing":[182],"automatic":[186],"method;":[188],"great":[194],"improvement":[195],"operation":[197],"efficiency,":[198],"which":[199],"increased":[200],"10%.":[202],"accuracy":[204],"recall":[206],"rate":[207],"more":[213,231],"than":[214],"0.98.":[215],"Through":[216],"comparison,":[219],"advantages":[221],"intuitively":[232],"illustrated.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
