{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307269027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218089","title":"Towards East Asian Facial Expression Recognition in the Real World: A New Database and Deep Recognition Baseline","display_name":"Towards East Asian Facial Expression Recognition in the Real World: A New Database and Deep Recognition Baseline","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307269027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218089","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36365786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8089/pdf?version=1666423748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8089/pdf?version=1666423748","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077515052","display_name":"Shanshan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8880-6724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8880-6724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100609249","display_name":"Liang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1141-5303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033916746","display_name":"Jianya Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianya Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100609249"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8119,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73317159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"21","first_page":"8089","last_page":"8089"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5689669251441956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.5060028433799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5030922293663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4959169328212738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.49103450775146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.4721153974533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.46739277243614197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.412916898727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37065911293029785}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5689669251441956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.5060028433799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5030922293663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4959169328212738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.49103450775146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4721153974533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.46739277243614197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.412916898727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37065911293029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000066499","descriptor_name":"Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066499","descriptor_name":"Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066499","descriptor_name":"Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8089/pdf?version=1666423748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36365786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36365786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b1aff81aa5a94d65992d61642dbc6977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b1aff81aa5a94d65992d61642dbc6977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 21, p 8089 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/21/8089/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 21; Pages: 8089","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9658752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9658752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22218089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8089/pdf?version=1666423748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307269027.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307269027.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494046077","https://openalex.org/W1631012836","https://openalex.org/W1654036628","https://openalex.org/W1669230375","https://openalex.org/W1969030392","https://openalex.org/W1978445814","https://openalex.org/W1981918162","https://openalex.org/W1995937139","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2014185685","https://openalex.org/W2039866355","https://openalex.org/W2051526232","https://openalex.org/W2084567445","https://openalex.org/W2087127675","https://openalex.org/W2100307458","https://openalex.org/W2106947945","https://openalex.org/W2116825089","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2129183325","https://openalex.org/W2143197238","https://openalex.org/W2159017231","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2185917628","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2285052147","https://openalex.org/W2296223520","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2417322137","https://openalex.org/W2436394355","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2539801355","https://openalex.org/W2556027894","https://openalex.org/W2590272936","https://openalex.org/W2612059623","https://openalex.org/W2615237916","https://openalex.org/W2738672149","https://openalex.org/W2745219603","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2799011285","https://openalex.org/W2803752747","https://openalex.org/W2902355713","https://openalex.org/W2963712289","https://openalex.org/W2964337551","https://openalex.org/W2967623629","https://openalex.org/W2971794874","https://openalex.org/W2982634085","https://openalex.org/W2985108241","https://openalex.org/W2989897789","https://openalex.org/W3015925440","https://openalex.org/W3029345211","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W3137274787","https://openalex.org/W3142990191","https://openalex.org/W3157999215","https://openalex.org/W3203381531","https://openalex.org/W3216466215","https://openalex.org/W4226179686","https://openalex.org/W6675736572","https://openalex.org/W6769227958","https://openalex.org/W6792341343","https://openalex.org/W7052187905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383111961","https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2352448290","https://openalex.org/W2380820513","https://openalex.org/W2913146933","https://openalex.org/W2372385138","https://openalex.org/W4296359239","https://openalex.org/W2043093291","https://openalex.org/W2101155126","https://openalex.org/W2363545964"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,79,188],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,51,66,81,91,137,150,162,173,179,184,192,205,220,236],"focus":[4],"of":[5,25,68,83,146,176,219,238],"facial":[6,27,104,199,212],"expression":[7,28,105],"recognition":[8,213],"(FER)":[9],"has":[10,75],"gradually":[11],"shifted":[12],"from":[13,113],"laboratory":[14],"settings":[15],"to":[16,65,135,148,197],"challenging":[17,100],"natural":[18,230],"scenes.":[19],"This":[20,47],"requires":[21],"a":[22,99],"great":[23],"deal":[24],"real-world":[26,33,101],"data.":[29,92],"However,":[30],"most":[31],"existing":[32],"databases":[34],"are":[35,56],"based":[36],"on":[37,53,178,226],"European-American":[38,54,73],"cultures,":[39],"and":[40,60,117,120,133,155,167,214,232],"only":[41],"one":[42],"is":[43,48,88,186],"for":[44,211],"Asian":[45,86,103,227],"cultures.":[46],"mainly":[49],"because":[50],"data":[52],"expressions":[55],"more":[57,224],"readily":[58],"accessed":[59],"publicly":[61],"available":[62],"online.":[63],"Owing":[64],"diversity":[67],"huge":[69],"data,":[70],"FER":[71,84,228,239],"in":[72,85,139,201,229,240],"cultures":[74,87],"recently":[76],"developed":[77],"rapidly.":[78],"contrast,":[80],"development":[82,237],"limited":[89],"by":[90,159],"To":[93],"narrow":[94],"this":[95],"gap,":[96],"we":[97,142,190],"construct":[98],"East":[102],"(EAFE)":[106],"database,":[107],"which":[108],"contains":[109],"10,000":[110],"images":[111,138],"collected":[112],"113":[114],"Chinese,":[115],"Japanese,":[116],"Korean":[118],"movies":[119],"five":[121],"search":[122],"engines.":[123],"We":[124],"apply":[125],"three":[126],"neural":[127],"network":[128],"baselines":[129],"including":[130],"VGG-16,":[131],"ResNet-50,":[132],"Inception-V3":[134],"classify":[136],"EAFE.":[140],"Then,":[141],"conduct":[143],"two":[144],"sets":[145],"experiments":[147],"find":[149],"optimal":[151],"learning":[152,164],"rate":[153,165],"schedule":[154,166],"loss":[156],"function.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"training":[160],"with":[161],"cosine":[163],"island":[168],"loss,":[169],"ResNet-50":[170],"can":[171,207,222,233],"achieve":[172],"best":[174],"accuracy":[175],"80.53%":[177],"testing":[180],"set,":[181],"proving":[182],"that":[183,204],"database":[185,206],"challenging.":[187],"addition,":[189],"used":[191,210],"Microsoft":[193],"Cognitive":[194],"Face":[195],"API":[196],"extract":[198],"attributes":[200],"EAFE,":[202],"so":[203],"also":[208,234],"be":[209],"attribute":[215],"analysis.":[216],"The":[217],"release":[218],"EAFE":[221],"encourage":[223],"research":[225],"scenes":[231],"promote":[235],"cross-cultural":[241],"domains.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}