{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306964564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22208010","title":"Colorful Image Colorization with Classification and Asymmetric Feature Fusion","display_name":"Colorful Image Colorization with Classification and Asymmetric Feature Fusion","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306964564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22208010","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36298360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22208010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22208010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/20/8010/pdf?version=1666259783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/20/8010/pdf?version=1666259783","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100462277","display_name":"Zhiyuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6975-6875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101397583","display_name":"Yi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7872-7510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083584575","display_name":"Daqun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-3567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daqun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090428143","display_name":"Yuanyuan Wan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443407","display_name":"Mingyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-6406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-6406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083584575","https://openalex.org/A5101397583"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2936,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53417837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"20","first_page":"8010","last_page":"8010"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.724747359752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-balance","display_name":"Color balance","score":0.7007386684417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6507883071899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.6335083246231079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5727927684783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.5004444122314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.49309036135673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.46285688877105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-space","display_name":"Color space","score":0.4584052860736847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4455071687698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.38779085874557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36208146810531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.24174627661705017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.724747359752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159784718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182571","display_name":"Color balance","level":5,"score":0.7007386684417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6507883071899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.6335083246231079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5727927684783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.5004444122314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49309036135673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46285688877105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2961294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166863","display_name":"Color space","level":3,"score":0.4584052860736847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4455071687698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38779085874557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36208146810531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.24174627661705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22208010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22208010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/20/8010/pdf?version=1666259783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36298360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36298360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6cc6d0b5194b429cb78a8019a218a850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6cc6d0b5194b429cb78a8019a218a850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 20, p 8010 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/20/8010/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22208010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 20; Pages: 8010","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9607150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9607150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22208010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22208010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/20/8010/pdf?version=1666259783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306964564.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306964564.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043044081","https://openalex.org/W2120963736","https://openalex.org/W2136154655","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2294092488","https://openalex.org/W2295537950","https://openalex.org/W2308529009","https://openalex.org/W2326925005","https://openalex.org/W2461158874","https://openalex.org/W2499316477","https://openalex.org/W2590274298","https://openalex.org/W2612063021","https://openalex.org/W2792021479","https://openalex.org/W2894878591","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2994546229","https://openalex.org/W3000407986","https://openalex.org/W3010626953","https://openalex.org/W3034838697","https://openalex.org/W3102726805","https://openalex.org/W3202040256","https://openalex.org/W3206505499","https://openalex.org/W4230012894","https://openalex.org/W4235795445","https://openalex.org/W6675306007","https://openalex.org/W6737325397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2792489537","https://openalex.org/W2962819983","https://openalex.org/W2742029448","https://openalex.org/W2078870957","https://openalex.org/W2008386396","https://openalex.org/W2089080948","https://openalex.org/W2382864128","https://openalex.org/W1981206111","https://openalex.org/W2352937602","https://openalex.org/W2589042415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"automatic":[1],"colorization":[2,107,145,153,179,186],"algorithm":[3,215],"can":[4],"convert":[5],"a":[6,10,70,89,105,112,117,139],"grayscale":[7],"image":[8,12],"to":[9,27,36,73,92,121,127,142,166],"colorful":[11,217],"using":[13],"regression":[14,23],"loss":[15,19,24,33,61],"functions":[16],"or":[17],"classification":[18,32,60,140],"functions.":[20],"However,":[21],"the":[22,31,37,43,46,53,58,79,123,133,144,152,168,178,206],"function":[25,34],"leads":[26,35],"brown":[28],"results,":[29],"while":[30],"problem":[38],"of":[39,45,52,81,99,200],"color":[40,47,75,82,94,100,124,174,224],"overflow":[41,175],"and":[42,49,77,96,116,126,155,176,193,202,226],"computation":[44],"categories":[48,76,95,125],"balance":[50,78,97,119,128],"weights":[51,80,98],"ground":[54],"truth":[55],"required":[56],"for":[57,205],"weighted":[59],"is":[62],"too":[63],"large.":[64],"In":[65,84],"this":[66,85],"paper,":[67,86],"we":[68,87,103,110,137,158],"propose":[69,88,104,111],"new":[71,90],"method":[72,91],"compute":[74,93],"images.":[83,101],"Furthermore,":[102],"U-Net-based":[106],"network.":[108],"First,":[109],"category":[113,118,148],"conversion":[114],"module":[115,120,165],"obtain":[122],"weights,":[129],"which":[130,150,171],"dramatically":[131],"reduces":[132],"training":[134],"time.":[135],"Second,":[136],"construct":[138],"subnetwork":[141],"constrain":[143],"network":[146,187],"with":[147,211,219],"loss,":[149],"improves":[151,177],"accuracy":[154],"saturation.":[156,228],"Finally,":[157],"introduce":[159],"an":[160],"asymmetric":[161],"feature":[162],"fusion":[163],"(AFF)":[164],"fuse":[167],"multiscale":[169],"features,":[170],"effectively":[172],"prevents":[173],"effect.":[180],"The":[181],"experiments":[182],"show":[183],"that":[184],"our":[185,214],"has":[188],"peak":[189],"signal-to-noise":[190],"ratio":[191],"(PSNR)":[192],"structure":[194],"similarity":[195],"index":[196],"measure":[197],"(SSIM)":[198],"metrics":[199],"25.8803":[201],"0.9368,":[203],"respectively,":[204],"ImageNet":[207],"dataset.":[208],"As":[209],"compared":[210],"existing":[212],"algorithms,":[213],"produces":[216],"images":[218],"vivid":[220],"colors,":[221],"no":[222],"significant":[223],"overflow,":[225],"higher":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}