{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4304632061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207717","title":"Empirical Mode Decomposition-Based Feature Extraction for Environmental Sound Classification","display_name":"Empirical Mode Decomposition-Based Feature Extraction for Environmental Sound Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4304632061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207717","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36298067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22207717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207717","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/20/7717/pdf?version=1666165414","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/20/7717/pdf?version=1666165414","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041725353","display_name":"Ammar Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3018-8919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108471","display_name":"Le Mans Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01mtcc283","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054827406","display_name":"Youssef Serrestou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-4560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108471","display_name":"Le Mans Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01mtcc283","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youssef Serrestou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014749474","display_name":"Kosai Raoof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9775-7485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108471","display_name":"Le Mans Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01mtcc283","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kosai Raoof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016534983","display_name":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois Diouris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4867-2995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97188460","display_name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gnr7b55","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100151","display_name":"Institut d'\u00c9lectronique et des Technologies du num\u00e9Rique","ror":"https://ror.org/013q33h79","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4210100151","https://openalex.org/I56067802","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Diouris","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, IETR UMR 6164, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, 85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, IETR UMR 6164, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, 85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97188460","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210100151"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014749474","https://openalex.org/A5041725353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210108471"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2485,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2680},"fwci":2.0841,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87015812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"20","first_page":"7717","last_page":"7717"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.7525855302810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5516560673713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert\u2013huang-transform","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","score":0.5242295861244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.45952850580215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4520716965198517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44984671473503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioacoustics","display_name":"Bioacoustics","score":0.4228481352329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4155625104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40426284074783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37685802578926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37378251552581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.28827983140945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1088402271270752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.7525855302810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5516560673713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.5242295861244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.45952850580215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4520716965198517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44984671473503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34951282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864191","display_name":"Bioacoustics","level":2,"score":0.4228481352329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4155625104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40426284074783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37685802578926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37378251552581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.28827983140945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1088402271270752}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013016","descriptor_name":"Sound","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013016","descriptor_name":"Sound","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013016","descriptor_name":"Sound","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22207717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207717","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/20/7717/pdf?version=1666165414","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36298067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36298067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0247ef41faf44d9fbed81b745c54b663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0247ef41faf44d9fbed81b745c54b663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 20, p 7717 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/20/7717/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 20; Pages: 7717","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9612378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9612378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22207717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207717","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/20/7717/pdf?version=1666165414","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4304632061.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4304632061.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1203142710","https://openalex.org/W1496704041","https://openalex.org/W1650531274","https://openalex.org/W1894179793","https://openalex.org/W1972567154","https://openalex.org/W1973119332","https://openalex.org/W1985578025","https://openalex.org/W1998916501","https://openalex.org/W2005399390","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2032038440","https://openalex.org/W2033875152","https://openalex.org/W2061171222","https://openalex.org/W2063530343","https://openalex.org/W2065056494","https://openalex.org/W2086384421","https://openalex.org/W2096972703","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2103257373","https://openalex.org/W2114537326","https://openalex.org/W2120390927","https://openalex.org/W2120847449","https://openalex.org/W2123133018","https://openalex.org/W2125628761","https://openalex.org/W2145487065","https://openalex.org/W2145991046","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2157000920","https://openalex.org/W2526050071","https://openalex.org/W2536234084","https://openalex.org/W2571201300","https://openalex.org/W2591013610","https://openalex.org/W2592515695","https://openalex.org/W2728905398","https://openalex.org/W2773284573","https://openalex.org/W2775794021","https://openalex.org/W2795207152","https://openalex.org/W2883935097","https://openalex.org/W2900315145","https://openalex.org/W2945399614","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2964629492","https://openalex.org/W2974743569","https://openalex.org/W3006926732","https://openalex.org/W3091490309","https://openalex.org/W3099882458","https://openalex.org/W3134063422","https://openalex.org/W3185636976","https://openalex.org/W3186014488","https://openalex.org/W3186570679","https://openalex.org/W4200473284","https://openalex.org/W4282565351","https://openalex.org/W4285288509","https://openalex.org/W6632346793","https://openalex.org/W6681435938"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3170167497","https://openalex.org/W2089315226","https://openalex.org/W4252208810","https://openalex.org/W1975881626","https://openalex.org/W2942893872","https://openalex.org/W2361368121","https://openalex.org/W2006097237","https://openalex.org/W4386758235","https://openalex.org/W2470608223","https://openalex.org/W2249987663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,33,158,211,242],"environment":[1],"sound":[2],"classification,":[3],"log":[4,50,68,78,94],"Mel":[5,51,69,79,95,142,185],"band":[6,52,70,80,96],"energies":[7,53,97],"(MBEs)":[8],"are":[9,109],"considered":[10],"as":[11],"the":[12,130,136,148,162,170,244,248,259,263],"most":[13],"successful":[14],"and":[15,43,57,77,104,119,135,173,183,193,209,225,230,240],"commonly":[16],"used":[17,67,110],"features":[18,72,82,201,253,265],"for":[19],"classification.":[20],"The":[21,115],"underlying":[22],"algorithm,":[23],"fast":[24],"Fourier":[25,41,75,204],"transform":[26,42,76],"(FFT),":[27],"is":[28,90,121,145],"valid":[29],"under":[30],"certain":[31],"restrictions.":[32],"this":[34],"study,":[35],"we":[36,160],"address":[37],"these":[38],"limitations":[39],"of":[40,100,117,177,219,228,250],"propose":[44],"a":[45,62,113,184,226],"new":[46,86],"method":[47,164],"to":[48,111,147,151,165,238,258],"extract":[49],"using":[54,181,200],"amplitude":[55,106],"modulation":[56],"frequency":[58,102],"modulation.":[59],"We":[60],"present":[61],"comparative":[63],"study":[64],"between":[65],"traditionally":[66],"energy":[71,81,132,138],"extracted":[73,83,202],"by":[74,84,123],"our":[85],"approach.":[87],"This":[88],"approach":[89],"based":[91],"on":[92],"extracting":[93],"from":[98,169,203],"estimation":[99,116],"instantaneous":[101,105],"(IF)":[103],"(IA),":[107],"which":[108],"construct":[112],"spectrogram.":[114],"IA":[118],"IF":[120],"made":[122],"associating":[124],"empirical":[125],"mode":[126],"decomposition":[127],"(EMD)":[128],"with":[129,216,247,262],"Teager-Kaiser":[131],"operator":[133],"(TKEO)":[134],"discrete":[137],"separation":[139],"algorithm.":[140],"Later,":[141],"filter":[143,186],"bank":[144],"applied":[146],"estimated":[149],"spectrogram":[150],"generate":[152,174],"EMD-TKEO-based":[153],"MBEs,":[154],"or":[155],"simply,":[156],"EMD-MBEs.":[157,231],"addition,":[159,212],"employ":[161],"EMD":[163],"remove":[166],"signal":[167,172],"trends":[168],"original":[171],"another":[175],"type":[176],"MBE,":[178],"called":[179],"S-MBEs,":[180],"FFT":[182],"bank.":[187],"Four":[188],"different":[189],"datasets":[190],"were":[191,198,214],"utilised":[192],"convolutional":[194],"neural":[195],"networks":[196],"(CNN)":[197],"trained":[199,215,246,261],"transform-based":[205],"MBEs":[206],"(FFT-MBEs),":[207],"EMD-MBEs,":[208],"S-MBEs.":[210,241],"CNNs":[213],"an":[217],"aggregation":[218],"all":[220,251],"three":[221,252,264],"feature":[222],"extraction":[223],"techniques":[224],"combination":[227,249],"FFT-MBEs":[229,233],"Individually,":[232],"achieved":[234],"higher":[235],"accuracy":[236],"compared":[237,257],"EMD-MBEs":[239],"general,":[243],"system":[245,260],"performed":[254],"slightly":[255],"better":[256],"separately.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
