{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4303981265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197521","title":"Single Seed Identification in Three Medicago Species via Multispectral Imaging Combined with Stacking Ensemble Learning","display_name":"Single Seed Identification in Three Medicago Species via Multispectral Imaging Combined with Stacking Ensemble Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4303981265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197521","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36236620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22197521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197521","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7521/pdf?version=1665306103","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7521/pdf?version=1665306103","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075278487","display_name":"Zhicheng Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5129-8930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhicheng Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755311","display_name":"Ming Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5948-2708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080113198","display_name":"Chengming Ou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengming Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039317114","display_name":"Shoujiang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-7306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoujiang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060404165","display_name":"Chunli Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunli Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410286","display_name":"Hong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0896-8409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347462","display_name":"Juan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8556-044X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101933397","display_name":"Manli Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manli Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070471829","display_name":"Shangang Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-7637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangang Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082567253","display_name":"Peisheng Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3261-0949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peisheng Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082567253"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4158,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79456676,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"19","first_page":"7521","last_page":"7521"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.747844934463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.705572247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.6768660545349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.578772783279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5714156031608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.5290310382843018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5268399119377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49214476346969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4870031476020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","score":0.4593835473060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4583719074726105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42810988426208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.416837215423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lasso","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","score":0.4137040674686432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39872512221336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.18447968363761902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1397458016872406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.747844934463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.705572247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.6768660545349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.578772783279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5714156031608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.5290310382843018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5268399119377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49214476346969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4870031476020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.4593835473060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4583719074726105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42810988426208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.416837215423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37616216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3218363","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4137040674686432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39872512221336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.18447968363761902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1397458016872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000872","descriptor_name":"Anthocyanins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000872","descriptor_name":"Anthocyanins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000872","descriptor_name":"Anthocyanins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002734","descriptor_name":"Chlorophyll","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002734","descriptor_name":"Chlorophyll","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002734","descriptor_name":"Chlorophyll","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012639","descriptor_name":"Seeds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012639","descriptor_name":"Seeds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012639","descriptor_name":"Seeds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D029902","descriptor_name":"Medicago","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029902","descriptor_name":"Medicago","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029902","descriptor_name":"Medicago","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22197521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197521","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7521/pdf?version=1665306103","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36236620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36236620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0214c453ae0a4f78bb76e34c53fcd16d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0214c453ae0a4f78bb76e34c53fcd16d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 19, p 7521 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/19/7521/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 19; Pages: 7521","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9572871","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9572871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22197521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197521","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7521/pdf?version=1665306103","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4303981265.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4303981265.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W232876404","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1969409773","https://openalex.org/W2032510388","https://openalex.org/W2036452880","https://openalex.org/W2063057245","https://openalex.org/W2072144487","https://openalex.org/W2074338790","https://openalex.org/W2097989328","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2182668067","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2509669877","https://openalex.org/W2520599539","https://openalex.org/W2562829635","https://openalex.org/W2728045218","https://openalex.org/W2739830339","https://openalex.org/W2760058753","https://openalex.org/W2795411881","https://openalex.org/W2917883159","https://openalex.org/W2926030578","https://openalex.org/W2944598191","https://openalex.org/W2965405319","https://openalex.org/W2969476445","https://openalex.org/W2978720004","https://openalex.org/W2988022918","https://openalex.org/W2994706149","https://openalex.org/W2996717911","https://openalex.org/W2999314030","https://openalex.org/W3007760467","https://openalex.org/W3009609730","https://openalex.org/W3034671962","https://openalex.org/W3044427673","https://openalex.org/W3080396356","https://openalex.org/W3081517451","https://openalex.org/W3095502701","https://openalex.org/W3102809246","https://openalex.org/W3115582411","https://openalex.org/W3121188342","https://openalex.org/W3121828030","https://openalex.org/W3138886979","https://openalex.org/W3206280185","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6609126827","https://openalex.org/W6662101812","https://openalex.org/W6766846328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067443264","https://openalex.org/W2114217318","https://openalex.org/W2794812819","https://openalex.org/W2587881214","https://openalex.org/W3104072235","https://openalex.org/W3036945320","https://openalex.org/W2370263288","https://openalex.org/W2169311637","https://openalex.org/W2395040056","https://openalex.org/W2052339338"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multispectral":[0],"imaging":[1],"(MSI)":[2],"has":[3,17],"become":[4],"a":[5,48,57,75,172,183,218,237],"new":[6,219],"fast":[7],"and":[8,32,38,69,90,100,123,131,150,171,176,187,206,224,239],"non-destructive":[9],"detection":[10],"method":[11],"in":[12,23,152,162,208,213],"seed":[13,59,222],"identification.":[14],"Previous":[15],"research":[16],"usually":[18],"focused":[19],"on":[20,167],"single":[21,58],"models":[22,96,117,164],"MSI":[24,214],"data":[25,215],"analysis,":[26],"which":[27,197],"always":[28],"employed":[29],"all":[30,157],"features":[31,170,192],"increased":[33],"the":[34,141,153,200,225],"risk":[35],"to":[36,199],"efficiency":[37],"that":[39,140],"of":[40,60,97,143,174,194,202,236],"system":[41],"cost.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"study,":[45],"we":[46,180],"developed":[47,182],"stacking":[49],"ensemble":[50],"learning":[51],"(SEL)":[52],"model":[53,155,212],"for":[54,221,234],"successfully":[55,188],"identifying":[56],"sickle":[61],"alfalfa":[62,66,70],"(<i>Medicago":[63],"falcata</i>),":[64],"hybrid":[65],"(<i>M.":[67,71],"varia</i>),":[68],"sativa</i>).":[72],"SEL":[73,154,211],"adopted":[74],"three-layer":[76],"structure,":[77],"i.e.,":[78],"level":[79,104,132],"0":[80],"with":[81,106,118,134],"principal":[82],"component":[83],"analysis":[84,88,93,216],"(PCA),":[85],"linear":[86,116],"discriminant":[87,92],"(LDA),":[89],"quadratic":[91],"(QDA)":[94],"as":[95,128,136],"dimensionality":[98],"reduction":[99],"feature":[101,184,226],"extraction":[102],"(DRFE);":[103],"1":[105],"support":[107],"vector":[108],"machine":[109],"(SVM),":[110],"multiple":[111],"logistic":[112],"regression":[113],"(MLR),":[114],"generalized":[115],"elastic":[119],"net":[120],"regularization":[121],"(GLMNET),":[122],"eXtreme":[124],"Gradient":[125],"Boosting":[126],"(XGBoost)":[127],"basic":[129,163],"learners;":[130],"3":[133],"XGBoost":[135],"meta-learner.":[137],"We":[138],"confirmed":[139],"values":[142],"overall":[144],"accuracy,":[145],"kappa,":[146],"precision,":[147],"sensitivity,":[148],"specificity,":[149],"sensitivity":[151],"were":[156],"significantly":[158],"higher":[159],"than":[160],"those":[161],"alone,":[165],"based":[166],"both":[168],"spectral":[169,177],"combination":[173],"morphological":[175],"features.":[178],"Furthermore,":[179],"also":[181],"filtering":[185],"process":[186,228],"selected":[189],"5":[190],"optimal":[191],"out":[193],"33":[195],"ones,":[196],"corresponded":[198],"contents":[201],"chlorophyll,":[203],"anthocyanin,":[204],"fat,":[205],"moisture":[207],"seeds.":[209],"Our":[210],"provided":[217],"way":[220],"identification,":[223],"filter":[227],"potentially":[229],"could":[230],"be":[231],"used":[232],"widely":[233],"development":[235],"low-cost":[238],"narrow-channel":[240],"sensor.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2022-10-10T00:00:00"}