{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297474215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197315","title":"Physical and Digital Infrastructure Readiness Index for Connected and Automated Vehicles","display_name":"Physical and Digital Infrastructure Readiness Index for Connected and Automated Vehicles","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297474215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197315","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36236417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22197315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197315","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7315/pdf?version=1664355254","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7315/pdf?version=1664355254","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029274364","display_name":"Boris Cucor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4937-7947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122011922","display_name":"University of \u017dilina","ror":"https://ror.org/031wwwj55","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Cucor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066126323","display_name":"Tibor Petrov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2507-1337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122011922","display_name":"University of \u017dilina","ror":"https://ror.org/031wwwj55","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tibor Petrov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Research Projects\u2014ERAdiate+, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Research Projects\u2014ERAdiate+, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085268197","display_name":"Patrik Kamencay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4875-973X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122011922","display_name":"University of \u017dilina","ror":"https://ror.org/031wwwj55","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrik Kamencay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085385812","display_name":"Ghadir Pourhashem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7220-0605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122011922","display_name":"University of \u017dilina","ror":"https://ror.org/031wwwj55","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghadir Pourhashem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Research Projects\u2014ERAdiate+, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Research Projects\u2014ERAdiate+, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081349380","display_name":"Milan Dado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2112-5174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122011922","display_name":"University of \u017dilina","ror":"https://ror.org/031wwwj55","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milan Dado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085268197"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.5648,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82586876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"19","first_page":"7315","last_page":"7315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7289144992828369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6357197165489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6076315641403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signage","display_name":"Digital signage","score":0.5534875988960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signage","display_name":"Signage","score":0.5037404894828796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4134177267551422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3877858817577362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3368886113166809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7289144992828369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6357197165489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6076315641403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756568","display_name":"Digital signage","level":2,"score":0.5534875988960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114938261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211272","display_name":"Signage","level":2,"score":0.5037404894828796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4134177267551422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3877858817577362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3368886113166809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000088684","descriptor_name":"Autonomous Vehicles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088684","descriptor_name":"Autonomous Vehicles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088684","descriptor_name":"Autonomous Vehicles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002947","descriptor_name":"Cities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002947","descriptor_name":"Cities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002947","descriptor_name":"Cities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014186","descriptor_name":"Transportation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014186","descriptor_name":"Transportation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014186","descriptor_name":"Transportation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22197315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197315","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7315/pdf?version=1664355254","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36236417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36236417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ed2a09d3cc934ecdb1c4e71ff9bbed8f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ed2a09d3cc934ecdb1c4e71ff9bbed8f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 19, p 7315 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/19/7315/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 19; Pages: 7315","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9572060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9572060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22197315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197315","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7315/pdf?version=1664355254","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7363789051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PP-COVID-20-0100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323251","funder_display_name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323251","display_name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja","ror":"https://ror.org/037nx0e70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297474215.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297474215.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1947985973","https://openalex.org/W2045531847","https://openalex.org/W2051093090","https://openalex.org/W2057947091","https://openalex.org/W2259684855","https://openalex.org/W2464686604","https://openalex.org/W2555714304","https://openalex.org/W2563313883","https://openalex.org/W2575594057","https://openalex.org/W2621489287","https://openalex.org/W2766665729","https://openalex.org/W2790138085","https://openalex.org/W2944612036","https://openalex.org/W2948273655","https://openalex.org/W2995666333","https://openalex.org/W3012481664","https://openalex.org/W3016309139","https://openalex.org/W3080282496","https://openalex.org/W3094623405","https://openalex.org/W3105134469","https://openalex.org/W3119052781","https://openalex.org/W3128139118","https://openalex.org/W3144438203","https://openalex.org/W3157666389","https://openalex.org/W3160296004","https://openalex.org/W3161568577","https://openalex.org/W3164810968","https://openalex.org/W3185536920","https://openalex.org/W3194846650","https://openalex.org/W3205435265","https://openalex.org/W3209469102","https://openalex.org/W4200620871","https://openalex.org/W4220773165","https://openalex.org/W4294811206","https://openalex.org/W6663248750","https://openalex.org/W6729922769","https://openalex.org/W6795197156","https://openalex.org/W6843029442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2738349883","https://openalex.org/W2560691287","https://openalex.org/W2887782653","https://openalex.org/W4302319095","https://openalex.org/W2149553730","https://openalex.org/W2498372786","https://openalex.org/W243550369","https://openalex.org/W1977404739","https://openalex.org/W2094952917","https://openalex.org/W2322013398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,61,168,253],"present":[4],"an":[5,57,196],"assessment":[6,246],"framework":[7,66],"that":[8,132,155,257],"can":[9,67,133],"be":[10,68,134],"used":[11,135],"to":[12,26,51,90,100],"score":[13,52],"segments":[14,55,201],"of":[15,30,48,81,88,94,126,183,185,213,218,236,244,247],"physical":[16],"and":[17,24,32,40,46,97,104,111,142,149,158,166,230],"digital":[18],"infrastructure":[19,54,110,200],"based":[20],"on":[21,73],"their":[22],"features":[23],"readiness":[25],"expedite":[27],"the":[28,38,44,53,64,79,92,95,102,109,127,153,156,174,181,188,192,234,242,248],"deployment":[29],"Connected":[31],"Automated":[33],"Vehicles":[34],"(CAVs).":[35],"We":[36,84,140],"discuss":[37],"equipment":[39],"methodology":[41,93],"applied":[42,69],"for":[43,114,136],"collection":[45],"analysis":[47],"required":[49],"data":[50,71,89,99,113,144,160],"in":[56,78,145,163,187,224],"automated":[58,245],"way.":[59],"Moreover,":[60],"demonstrate":[62,91],"how":[63],"proposed":[65,254],"using":[70,118],"collected":[72,141,162],"a":[74,119,130,255],"public":[75],"transport":[76],"route":[77],"city":[80],"Zilina,":[82],"Slovakia.":[83],"use":[85],"two":[86,146],"types":[87],"assessment-connectivity":[96],"positioning":[98,159],"assess":[101],"connectivity":[103,157],"localization":[105,219,238],"performance":[106],"provided":[107],"by":[108],"image":[112],"road":[115],"signage":[116],"detection":[117],"Convolutional":[120],"Neural":[121],"Network":[122],"(CNN).":[123],"The":[124,177,215],"core":[125],"research":[128,138],"is":[129,191,195],"dataset":[131],"further":[137],"work.":[139],"analyzed":[143],"settings-an":[147],"urban":[148],"suburban":[150],"area.":[151],"Despite":[152],"fact":[154],"were":[161],"different":[164],"days":[165],"times,":[167],"found":[169],"highly":[170],"underserved":[171],"areas":[172,226],"along":[173],"investigated":[175,189],"route.":[176],"main":[178],"problem":[179,243],"from":[180],"point":[182],"view":[184],"communication":[186],"area":[190],"latency,":[193],"which":[194,232],"issue":[197],"associated":[198],"with":[199,206,227],"mainly":[202,223],"located":[203],"at":[204],"intersections":[205],"heavy":[207],"traffic":[208,249],"or":[209],"near":[210],"various":[211],"points":[212],"interest.":[214],"low":[216],"accuracy":[217],"has":[220],"been":[221],"observed":[222],"dense":[225],"large":[228],"buildings":[229],"trees,":[231],"decrease":[233],"number":[235],"visible":[237],"satellites.":[239],"To":[240],"address":[241],"sign":[250],"recognition":[251],"precision,":[252],"CNN":[256],"achieved":[258],"99.7%":[259],"precision.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}