{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296349504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22187064","title":"Modelling Causal Factors of Unintentional Electromagnetic Emanations Compromising Information Technology Equipment Security","display_name":"Modelling Causal Factors of Unintentional Electromagnetic Emanations Compromising Information Technology Equipment Security","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296349504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22187064","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146413"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22187064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22187064","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/7064/pdf?version=1663501505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/7064/pdf?version=1663501505","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068939357","display_name":"Maxwell Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3363-8927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maxwell Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082081833","display_name":"Funlade Sunmola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-8033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Funlade Sunmola","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007680206","display_name":"David Lauder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-9232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lauder","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068939357"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1812752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"18","first_page":"7064","last_page":"7064"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9365000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compromise","display_name":"Compromise","score":0.6963337659835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.6457201242446899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6015206575393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5468844175338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49255308508872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.48349741101264954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.47069883346557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.46747681498527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-journalism","display_name":"Citizen journalism","score":0.43535593152046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.4170783460140228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preparedness","display_name":"Preparedness","score":0.41605526208877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-assurance","display_name":"Information assurance","score":0.4155375063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.366716206073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3418186902999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3379102647304535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.17038676142692566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.6963337659835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.6457201242446899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6015206575393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5468844175338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49255308508872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48349741101264954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.47069883346557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.46747681498527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203663800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848979","display_name":"Citizen journalism","level":2,"score":0.43535593152046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.4170783460140228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4583103","display_name":"Preparedness","level":2,"score":0.41605526208877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780795517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6030997","display_name":"Information assurance","level":3,"score":0.4155375063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.366716206073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3418186902999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3379102647304535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17038676142692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000073256","descriptor_name":"Information Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000073256","descriptor_name":"Information Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000073256","descriptor_name":"Information Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004738","descriptor_name":"Engineering","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004738","descriptor_name":"Engineering","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004738","descriptor_name":"Engineering","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D040421","descriptor_name":"Cell Phone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040421","descriptor_name":"Cell Phone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040421","descriptor_name":"Cell Phone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22187064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22187064","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/7064/pdf?version=1663501505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36146413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c03d2868e85945e39d5e36b52131aa73","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c03d2868e85945e39d5e36b52131aa73","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 18, p 7064 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/18/7064/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22187064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 18; Pages: 7064","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9505536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9505536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/25796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/25796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22187064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22187064","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/7064/pdf?version=1663501505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296349504.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296349504.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25109642","https://openalex.org/W1527995763","https://openalex.org/W1538973830","https://openalex.org/W1660981793","https://openalex.org/W1982310351","https://openalex.org/W1989333597","https://openalex.org/W1991938526","https://openalex.org/W2033755846","https://openalex.org/W2045309158","https://openalex.org/W2090866403","https://openalex.org/W2110666286","https://openalex.org/W2163140392","https://openalex.org/W2461230422","https://openalex.org/W2479542011","https://openalex.org/W2502466937","https://openalex.org/W2541784434","https://openalex.org/W2793718967","https://openalex.org/W2811089976","https://openalex.org/W2890799318","https://openalex.org/W3041058669","https://openalex.org/W4214650029","https://openalex.org/W4225763457","https://openalex.org/W6754722870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2488601579","https://openalex.org/W1761928473","https://openalex.org/W2066272013","https://openalex.org/W2991148700","https://openalex.org/W2391901998","https://openalex.org/W4241003180","https://openalex.org/W1573839549","https://openalex.org/W2351247954","https://openalex.org/W4232461742","https://openalex.org/W2474014892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"technology":[1],"equipment":[2],"(ITE)":[3],"processing":[4],"sensitive":[5],"information":[6],"can":[7,43,49,129,142],"have":[8,56],"its":[9],"security":[10],"compromised":[11],"by":[12],"unintentional":[13,45],"electromagnetic":[14,46],"radiation.":[15],"Appropriately":[16],"assessing":[17],"likelihood":[18],"of":[19,32,54,67,90,101,104,134,138,152],"a":[20,131],"potential":[21],"compromise":[22,53],"relies":[23],"on":[24],"radio":[25],"frequency":[26],"(RF)":[27],"engineering":[28],"expertise-specifically,":[29],"requiring":[30],"knowledge":[31],"the":[33,52,60,65,75,91,113,126,135,139,146],"associated":[34],"causal":[35,68],"factors":[36,41,69,76,116,140],"and":[37,84,117],"their":[38,119],"interrelationships.":[39],"Several":[40],"that":[42,48,125,141],"cause":[44],"emanations":[47],"lead":[50],"to":[51,79],"ITE":[55],"been":[57],"found":[58],"in":[59,71,145],"literature.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63,123],"confirms":[64],"list":[66],"reported":[70],"previous":[72],"work,":[73],"categorizes":[74],"as":[77],"belonging":[78],"threat,":[80],"vulnerability,":[81],"or":[82],"impact,":[83],"develops":[85],"an":[86],"interpretive":[87],"structural":[88,110,136],"model":[89,111,128],"vulnerability":[92],"factors.":[93],"A":[94],"participatory":[95],"modelling":[96],"approach":[97],"was":[98],"used":[99],"consisting":[100],"focus":[102],"groups":[103],"RF":[105,147],"engineers.":[106],"The":[107,122],"resulting":[108,127],"hierarchical":[109],"shows":[112],"relationships":[114],"between":[115],"illustrates":[118],"relative":[120],"significance.":[121],"concludes":[124],"motivate":[130],"deeper":[132],"understanding":[133],"relationship":[137],"be":[143],"incorporated":[144],"engineers'":[148],"assessment":[149],"process.":[150],"Areas":[151],"future":[153],"work":[154],"are":[155],"suggested.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-24T08:33:08.758527","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}