{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296104292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186950","title":"Integrity Verification of Distributed Nodes in Critical Infrastructures","display_name":"Integrity Verification of Distributed Nodes in Critical Infrastructures","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296104292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186950","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186950","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6950/pdf?version=1663308383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6950/pdf?version=1663308383","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079634354","display_name":"Silvia Sisinni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-6303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Sisinni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067515541","display_name":"Davide Margaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-2138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Margaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, 10138 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, 10138 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012201128","display_name":"Ignazio Pedone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9637-2404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ignazio Pedone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071208401","display_name":"Antonio Lioy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-9338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Lioy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027881506","display_name":"Andrea Vesco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-6655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Vesco","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, 10138 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, 10138 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012201128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2731,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84480518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"18","first_page":"6950","last_page":"6950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8305298089981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7769455313682556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.718075156211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5785879492759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.550240159034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4611857533454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.42454245686531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4152630567550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.35137757658958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.342521071434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.20228537917137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1697581708431244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8305298089981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7769455313682556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.718075156211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5785879492759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.550240159034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4611857533454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42454245686531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4152630567550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.35137757658958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.342521071434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.20228537917137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1697581708431244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186950","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6950/pdf?version=1663308383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36146304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ecc0fdbc1548401cad7344222ce69dc5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ecc0fdbc1548401cad7344222ce69dc5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 18, p 6950 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/18/6950/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 18; Pages: 6950","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9505325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9505325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186950","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6950/pdf?version=1663308383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2363074343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101004261","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296104292.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296104292.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990336694","https://openalex.org/W2529138309","https://openalex.org/W2751870338","https://openalex.org/W2904289843","https://openalex.org/W2910721566","https://openalex.org/W2913286297","https://openalex.org/W2946706800","https://openalex.org/W3009071417","https://openalex.org/W3088388249","https://openalex.org/W3179772975","https://openalex.org/W3194601618","https://openalex.org/W3197177224","https://openalex.org/W3197814746","https://openalex.org/W4213154881","https://openalex.org/W4225917238","https://openalex.org/W4239342421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W4285042611","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W3092582874","https://openalex.org/W2338718585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,156,173],"accuracy":[1],"and":[2,7,85,110,143,162,194],"reliability":[3],"of":[4,28,35,43,54,103,107,112,116,135,152,178,183,191,207],"time":[5,59,93,118],"synchronization":[6,36,170],"distribution":[8,60,94,119,171],"are":[9],"essential":[10],"requirements":[11],"for":[12,66,92],"many":[13],"critical":[14],"infrastructures,":[15],"including":[16],"telecommunication":[17],"networks,":[18],"where":[19],"5G":[20,45],"technologies":[21],"place":[22],"increasingly":[23],"stringent":[24],"conditions":[25],"in":[26,187],"terms":[27],"maintaining":[29],"highly":[30],"accurate":[31],"time.":[32],"A":[33],"lack":[34],"between":[37],"the":[38,44,58,77,86,96,101,105,108,113,130,141,150,153,181,184,195,205,208],"clocks":[39],"causes":[40],"a":[41,51,62,117,165,168,188],"malfunction":[42],"network,":[46],"preventing":[47],"it":[48],"from":[49],"providing":[50],"high":[52],"quality":[53],"service;":[55],"this":[56,122],"makes":[57],"network":[61],"very":[63],"viable":[64],"target":[65],"attacks.":[67],"Various":[68],"solutions":[69],"have":[70],"been":[71,160],"analyzed":[72],"to":[73,200,203],"mitigate":[74],"attacks":[75,145,193],"on":[76,129,140,164],"Global":[78],"Navigation":[79],"Satellite":[80],"System":[81],"(GNSS)":[82],"radio-frequency":[83],"spectrum":[84],"Precision":[87],"Time":[88],"Protocol":[89],"(PTP)":[90],"used":[91],"over":[95],"network.":[97,120,172],"This":[98],"paper":[99],"highlights":[100],"significance":[102],"monitoring":[104],"integrity":[106],"software":[109,138],"configurations":[111],"infrastructural":[114],"nodes":[115,142],"Moreover,":[121],"work":[123],"proposes":[124],"an":[125],"attestation":[126],"scheme,":[127],"based":[128],"Trusted":[131],"Computing":[132],"principles,":[133],"capable":[134],"detecting":[136],"both":[137],"violations":[139],"hardware":[144],"aimed":[146],"at":[147],"tampering":[148],"with":[149],"configuration":[151],"GNSS":[154,210],"receivers.":[155,211],"proposed":[157,185],"solution":[158],"has":[159],"implemented":[161],"validated":[163],"testbed":[166],"representing":[167],"typical":[169,192],"results,":[174],"simulating":[175],"various":[176],"types":[177],"adversaries,":[179],"emphasize":[180],"effectiveness":[182],"approach":[186],"wide":[189],"range":[190],"certain":[196],"limitations":[197],"that":[198],"need":[199],"be":[201],"addressed":[202],"enhance":[204],"security":[206],"current":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}