{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295414112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186834","title":"Investigating Methods for Cognitive Workload Estimation for Assistive Robots","display_name":"Investigating Methods for Cognitive Workload Estimation for Assistive Robots","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295414112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186834","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186834","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6834/pdf?version=1662725862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6834/pdf?version=1662725862","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065851409","display_name":"Ayca Aygun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8157-2219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayca Aygun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8157-2219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114062732","display_name":"Thuan Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thuan Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005433675","display_name":"Zachary Haga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2889-7078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Haga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004738943","display_name":"Shuchin Aeron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1049-9795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuchin Aeron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044523801","display_name":"Matthias Scheutz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-2789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Scheutz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-2789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044523801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.721,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90744109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"18","first_page":"6834","last_page":"6834"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.7036269903182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.701157808303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.599793553352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.543098509311676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5125198364257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.49591144919395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.4415867030620575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.43900784850120544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4375078082084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.4373601973056793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.43556809425354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4276649057865143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4093632996082306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17332294583320618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0874391496181488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.7036269903182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.701157808303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.599793553352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.543098509311676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5125198364257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.49591144919395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.4415867030620575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.43900784850120544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4375078082084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.4373601973056793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.43556809425354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4276649057865143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4093632996082306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17332294583320618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0874391496181488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186834","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6834/pdf?version=1662725862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36146189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e28eedb0624e463b861b038aec05c1b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e28eedb0624e463b861b038aec05c1b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 18, p 6834 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/18/6834/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 18; Pages: 6834","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9505485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9505485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186834","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6834/pdf?version=1662725862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295414112.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55018851","https://openalex.org/W1489143527","https://openalex.org/W1582723912","https://openalex.org/W1943807955","https://openalex.org/W1972200139","https://openalex.org/W1980877068","https://openalex.org/W1984227063","https://openalex.org/W1990859107","https://openalex.org/W1991667426","https://openalex.org/W2010046742","https://openalex.org/W2018455067","https://openalex.org/W2042750428","https://openalex.org/W2049164905","https://openalex.org/W2061516621","https://openalex.org/W2061805104","https://openalex.org/W2062242288","https://openalex.org/W2063976153","https://openalex.org/W2078446903","https://openalex.org/W2081244659","https://openalex.org/W2091644699","https://openalex.org/W2094265147","https://openalex.org/W2104326601","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2114355183","https://openalex.org/W2128495200","https://openalex.org/W2132808944","https://openalex.org/W2135672772","https://openalex.org/W2152597247","https://openalex.org/W2153578594","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2165163873","https://openalex.org/W2190369823","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2279767207","https://openalex.org/W2346312659","https://openalex.org/W2353267094","https://openalex.org/W2389399601","https://openalex.org/W2463149645","https://openalex.org/W2497286468","https://openalex.org/W2549392078","https://openalex.org/W2549898306","https://openalex.org/W2556610651","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2581697176","https://openalex.org/W2589432017","https://openalex.org/W2603958320","https://openalex.org/W2606337139","https://openalex.org/W2610184357","https://openalex.org/W2614801503","https://openalex.org/W2734549536","https://openalex.org/W2741204007","https://openalex.org/W2741351499","https://openalex.org/W2743039782","https://openalex.org/W2760473359","https://openalex.org/W2765406649","https://openalex.org/W2769901286","https://openalex.org/W2781634994","https://openalex.org/W2783323081","https://openalex.org/W2790248246","https://openalex.org/W2798664662","https://openalex.org/W2800119642","https://openalex.org/W2805252737","https://openalex.org/W2807173017","https://openalex.org/W2884013251","https://openalex.org/W2890072046","https://openalex.org/W2891412750","https://openalex.org/W2915196348","https://openalex.org/W2920965108","https://openalex.org/W2942601046","https://openalex.org/W2943200432","https://openalex.org/W2946353466","https://openalex.org/W2948014945","https://openalex.org/W2954030039","https://openalex.org/W2954565918","https://openalex.org/W2955680097","https://openalex.org/W2966851358","https://openalex.org/W2972810968","https://openalex.org/W2975376327","https://openalex.org/W2980095030","https://openalex.org/W2994501102","https://openalex.org/W3005579015","https://openalex.org/W3019818742","https://openalex.org/W3028325031","https://openalex.org/W3083891030","https://openalex.org/W3086003090","https://openalex.org/W3091057601","https://openalex.org/W3091390674","https://openalex.org/W3092015453","https://openalex.org/W3101771914","https://openalex.org/W3102455230","https://openalex.org/W3110526973","https://openalex.org/W3114906317","https://openalex.org/W3115948762","https://openalex.org/W3127624233","https://openalex.org/W3137058526","https://openalex.org/W3176876332","https://openalex.org/W3180758251","https://openalex.org/W3197344282","https://openalex.org/W3199311972","https://openalex.org/W3216185083","https://openalex.org/W4211068748","https://openalex.org/W4220765735","https://openalex.org/W4220781804","https://openalex.org/W4225998839","https://openalex.org/W4308222466","https://openalex.org/W4382631034","https://openalex.org/W6602235344","https://openalex.org/W6981724198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robots":[0],"interacting":[1],"with":[2],"humans":[3],"in":[4,90,220],"assistive":[5],"contexts":[6],"have":[7],"to":[8,11,15,18,47,71,92,137,232,239,243],"be":[9,16],"sensitive":[10],"human":[12,29,32,53,139,156],"cognitive":[13,76,140,157],"states":[14],"able":[17],"provide":[19,145],"help":[20],"when":[21,30,160],"it":[22,36],"is":[23,33,37,180,198,230],"needed":[24],"and":[25,60,87,110,118,133,196,234,236],"not":[26],"overburden":[27],"the":[28,31,49,93,115,151,166,190,221],"busy.":[34],"Yet,":[35],"currently":[38],"still":[39],"unclear":[40],"which":[41],"sensing":[42],"modality":[43],"might":[44],"allow":[45],"robots":[46],"derive":[48],"best":[50,152],"evidence":[51,146],"of":[52,75,102,155,171,216],"workload.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"work,":[57],"we":[58,98],"analyzed":[59],"modeled":[61],"data":[62],"from":[63,114],"a":[64,205],"multi-modal":[65],"simulated":[66],"driving":[67,95],"study":[68],"specifically":[69],"designed":[70],"evaluate":[72],"different":[73],"levels":[74],"workload":[77,141,173,218],"induced":[78],"by":[79,185,204],"various":[80,103],"secondary":[81],"tasks":[82],"such":[83],"as":[84],"dialogue":[85],"interactions":[86],"braking":[88],"events":[89],"addition":[91],"primary":[94],"task.":[96],"Specifically,":[97,165],"performed":[99],"statistical":[100],"analyses":[101,144],"physiological":[104,153,245],"signals":[105,162,179],"including":[106,124],"eye":[107,148,177,194,228],"gaze,":[108],"electroencephalography,":[109],"arterial":[111],"blood":[112],"pressure":[113],"healthy":[116],"volunteers":[117],"utilized":[119],"several":[120],"machine":[121],"learning":[122],"methodologies":[123],"k-nearest":[125],"neighbor,":[126],"naive":[127],"Bayes,":[128],"random":[129],"forest,":[130],"support-vector":[131,187],"machines,":[132,188],"neural":[134,206],"network-based":[135,207],"models":[136],"infer":[138],"levels.":[142],"Our":[143,209],"for":[147,213],"gaze":[149,178,195,229],"being":[150],"indicator":[154],"workload,":[158],"even":[159],"multiple":[161],"are":[163,211],"combined.":[164],"highest":[167,191],"accuracy":[168,192],"(in":[169],"%)":[170],"binary":[172],"classification":[174],"based":[175],"on":[176],"80.45":[181],"\u2213":[182,201],"3.15":[183],"achieved":[184,203],"using":[186],"while":[189],"combining":[193],"electroencephalography":[197],"only":[199],"77.08":[200],"3.22":[202],"model.":[208],"findings":[210],"important":[212],"future":[214],"efforts":[215],"real-time":[217],"estimation":[219],"multimodal":[222],"human-robot":[223],"interactive":[224],"systems":[225],"given":[226],"that":[227],"easy":[231],"collect":[233],"process":[235],"less":[237],"susceptible":[238],"noise":[240],"artifacts":[241],"compared":[242],"other":[244],"signal":[246],"modalities.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}