{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296101500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186782","title":"HT-Net: A Hybrid Transformer Network for Fundus Vessel Segmentation","display_name":"HT-Net: A Hybrid Transformer Network for Fundus Vessel Segmentation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296101500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186782","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146132"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186782","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6782/pdf?version=1662618660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6782/pdf?version=1662618660","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101898652","display_name":"Xiaolong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2015-4946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081489939","display_name":"Liejun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-2273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liejun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009829256","display_name":"Yongming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-1811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081489939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4408,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80727475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"18","first_page":"6782","last_page":"6782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7896230220794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.734158992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6382057070732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.529986560344696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5067036747932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49088460206985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44228479266166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40592676401138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10588407516479492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7896230220794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.734158992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6382057070732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.529986560344696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5067036747932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49088460206985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44228479266166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40592676401138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10588407516479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186782","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6782/pdf?version=1662618660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36146132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dcf2d67bf1294671be4148159654b6cf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dcf2d67bf1294671be4148159654b6cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 18, p 6782 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/18/6782/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 18; Pages: 6782","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9504252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9504252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186782","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6782/pdf?version=1662618660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296101500.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296101500.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2026049502","https://openalex.org/W2031969454","https://openalex.org/W2033723371","https://openalex.org/W2069951134","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2145305441","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2152990105","https://openalex.org/W2160436805","https://openalex.org/W2286929393","https://openalex.org/W2547411486","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2802388893","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2890166761","https://openalex.org/W2893691907","https://openalex.org/W2898910301","https://openalex.org/W2905621769","https://openalex.org/W2963786238","https://openalex.org/W2975818360","https://openalex.org/W2979605896","https://openalex.org/W2981165461","https://openalex.org/W2983751658","https://openalex.org/W2998739787","https://openalex.org/W3013766724","https://openalex.org/W3082160919","https://openalex.org/W3160854032","https://openalex.org/W3161081823","https://openalex.org/W3169847394","https://openalex.org/W3171038842","https://openalex.org/W3204614423","https://openalex.org/W4205988081","https://openalex.org/W4220994379","https://openalex.org/W4285338491","https://openalex.org/W6763360694"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2374520121","https://openalex.org/W2394034517","https://openalex.org/W2364945429","https://openalex.org/W4388037085","https://openalex.org/W3044879582","https://openalex.org/W2045010375","https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W2471181682","https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W2060411034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Doctors":[0],"usually":[1],"diagnose":[2],"a":[3,60],"disease":[4],"by":[5,77,136,155,189],"evaluating":[6],"the":[7,14,18,36,51,73,92,103,109,114,122,126,130,143,157,163,168,184,198,203,218],"pattern":[8],"of":[9,20,38,54,91,125,132,145,165,186,220],"abnormal":[10],"blood":[11,22],"vessels":[12,23],"in":[13,102,197],"fundus.":[15],"At":[16],"present,":[17],"segmentation":[19,47,75,188,205,222],"fundus":[21,67],"based":[24],"on":[25,167],"deep":[26],"learning":[27],"has":[28],"achieved":[29],"great":[30],"success,":[31],"but":[32],"it":[33,88,215],"still":[34],"faces":[35],"problems":[37],"low":[39],"accuracy":[40,144],"and":[41,82,87,106,159,171,179],"capillary":[42],"rupture.":[43],"A":[44],"good":[45],"vessel":[46,74,133,204,221],"method":[48],"can":[49,71,151,181,200,216],"guide":[50],"early":[52],"diagnosis":[53],"eye":[55],"diseases,":[56],"so":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"novel":[61],"hybrid":[62],"Transformer":[63,158],"network":[64,199],"(HT-Net)":[65],"for":[66],"imaging":[68],"analysis.":[69],"HT-Net":[70,166,208],"improve":[72,142,183,202],"quality":[76,185],"capturing":[78],"detailed":[79],"local":[80],"information":[81,85,140],"implementing":[83],"long-range":[84],"interactions,":[86],"mainly":[89],"consists":[90],"following":[93],"blocks.":[94],"The":[95,174,207],"feature":[96,110,115,139],"fusion":[97],"block":[98,117],"(FFB)":[99],"is":[100,119],"embedded":[101],"shallow":[104,123],"levels,":[105],"FFB":[107,178],"enriches":[108],"space.":[111],"In":[112],"addition,":[113],"refinement":[116],"(FRB)":[118],"added":[120],"to":[121,141],"position":[124,150],"network,":[127],"which":[128],"solves":[129],"problem":[131],"scale":[134],"change":[135],"fusing":[137],"multi-scale":[138,191],"segmentation.":[146],"Finally,":[147],"HT-Net's":[148],"bottom-level":[149],"capture":[152],"remote":[153],"dependencies":[154],"combining":[156],"CNN.":[160],"We":[161],"prove":[162],"performance":[164],"DRIVE,":[169],"CHASE_DB1,":[170],"STARE":[172],"datasets.":[173],"experiment":[175],"shows":[176],"that":[177,214],"FRB":[180],"effectively":[182,201],"microvessel":[187],"extracting":[190],"information.":[192],"Embedding":[193],"efficient":[194],"self-attention":[195],"mechanisms":[196],"accuracy.":[206],"exceeds":[209],"most":[210],"existing":[211],"methods,":[212],"indicating":[213],"perform":[217],"task":[219],"competently.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
