{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296098989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186780","title":"Deep Learning for Diabetic Retinopathy Analysis: A Review, Research Challenges, and Future Directions","display_name":"Deep Learning for Diabetic Retinopathy Analysis: A Review, Research Challenges, and Future Directions","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296098989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186780","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186780","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6780/pdf?version=1662616577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6780/pdf?version=1662616577","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004863525","display_name":"Muhammad Waqas Nadeem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-9529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Waqas Nadeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information and Communication Technology (FICT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar 31900, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology (FICT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar 31900, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086673383","display_name":"Hock Guan Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-5777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hock Guan Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information and Communication Technology (FICT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar 31900, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-5777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology (FICT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar 31900, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012083138","display_name":"Muzammil Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1288-7967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muzammil Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1288-7967","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071310869","display_name":"Soung\u2010Yue Liew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8853-7755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soung-Yue Liew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information and Communication Technology (FICT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar 31900, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology (FICT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar 31900, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001429269","display_name":"Ivan Andonovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-5245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Andonovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Royal College Building, University of Strathclyde, 204 George St., Glasgow G1 1XW, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-5245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Royal College Building, University of Strathclyde, 204 George St., Glasgow G1 1XW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009282836","display_name":"Muhammad Adnan Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-9935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195024194","display_name":"Riphah International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kdm5630","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]}],"countries":["KR","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Adnan Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Riphah School of Computing and Innovation, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Department of Software, Gachon University, Seongnam 13557, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-9935","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Riphah School of Computing and Innovation, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Department of Software, Gachon University, Seongnam 13557, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001429269","https://openalex.org/A5086673383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926","https://openalex.org/I931681460"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":9.238,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98836727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"18","first_page":"6780","last_page":"6780"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7894895076751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6869267225265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6381352543830872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6112657189369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6095983982086182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5651543736457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.564886212348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.5300414562225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5048104524612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.47639933228492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4476467967033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.41544488072395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2429991066455841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2250199019908905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.1331377625465393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7894895076751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6869267225265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6381352543830872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6112657189369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6095983982086182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5651543736457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.564886212348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5300414562225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5048104524612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.47639933228492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4476467967033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.41544488072395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2429991066455841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2250199019908905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.1331377625465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186780","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6780/pdf?version=1662616577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36146130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:82289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/21255.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/82289/1/Nadeem_etal_Sensors_2022_Deep_learning_for_diabetic_retinopathy_analysis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cb786275349b4724bda91b37cb2f2f2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb786275349b4724bda91b37cb2f2f2d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 18, p 6780 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/18/6780/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186780","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 18; Pages: 6780","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9505428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9505428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22186780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186780","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6780/pdf?version=1662616577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296098989.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296098989.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":173,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44815768","https://openalex.org/W874179280","https://openalex.org/W1468480166","https://openalex.org/W1553594703","https://openalex.org/W1560522926","https://openalex.org/W1970221892","https://openalex.org/W1976206129","https://openalex.org/W1976647582","https://openalex.org/W2041442673","https://openalex.org/W2073623229","https://openalex.org/W2088000704","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2118153703","https://openalex.org/W2124819389","https://openalex.org/W2130478883","https://openalex.org/W2142914838","https://openalex.org/W2143108640","https://openalex.org/W2145578924","https://openalex.org/W2159764117","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2167916209","https://openalex.org/W2171651020","https://openalex.org/W2177274842","https://openalex.org/W2177654152","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2206167351","https://openalex.org/W2294926082","https://openalex.org/W2327793514","https://openalex.org/W2426274714","https://openalex.org/W2432555109","https://openalex.org/W2433259561","https://openalex.org/W2513326255","https://openalex.org/W2523612729","https://openalex.org/W2527341761","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2556022279","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2562464652","https://openalex.org/W2587499148","https://openalex.org/W2594341284","https://openalex.org/W2598442119","https://openalex.org/W2601983126","https://openalex.org/W2606534623","https://openalex.org/W2616171090","https://openalex.org/W2620722267","https://openalex.org/W2640386719","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2741201879","https://openalex.org/W2741773124","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2753056288","https://openalex.org/W2754328957","https://openalex.org/W2761680726","https://openalex.org/W2770657900","https://openalex.org/W2772006542","https://openalex.org/W2772246530","https://openalex.org/W2778306876","https://openalex.org/W2783656596","https://openalex.org/W2791485417","https://openalex.org/W2792289763","https://openalex.org/W2792618444","https://openalex.org/W2793640035","https://openalex.org/W2801606501","https://openalex.org/W2809203447","https://openalex.org/W2853673972","https://openalex.org/W2892133319","https://openalex.org/W2894651257","https://openalex.org/W2902295208","https://openalex.org/W2903850244","https://openalex.org/W2907743631","https://openalex.org/W2911492792","https://openalex.org/W2916155412","https://openalex.org/W2918341242","https://openalex.org/W2935900679","https://openalex.org/W2944890315","https://openalex.org/W2948685905","https://openalex.org/W2948778906","https://openalex.org/W2949074827","https://openalex.org/W2960912808","https://openalex.org/W2963292306","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963999631","https://openalex.org/W2964291324","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2964862192","https://openalex.org/W2965191493","https://openalex.org/W2965325581","https://openalex.org/W2966185236","https://openalex.org/W2970104829","https://openalex.org/W2970453908","https://openalex.org/W2970650116","https://openalex.org/W2974361506","https://openalex.org/W2974726644","https://openalex.org/W2976398475","https://openalex.org/W2978041822","https://openalex.org/W2979927758","https://openalex.org/W2980444207","https://openalex.org/W2981826026","https://openalex.org/W2986550092","https://openalex.org/W2987082624","https://openalex.org/W2991315466","https://openalex.org/W2999601335","https://openalex.org/W3004483087","https://openalex.org/W3005147719","https://openalex.org/W3007562589","https://openalex.org/W3010500903","https://openalex.org/W3010686210","https://openalex.org/W3015412004","https://openalex.org/W3017213724","https://openalex.org/W3022092973","https://openalex.org/W3024471355","https://openalex.org/W3035941285","https://openalex.org/W3037640857","https://openalex.org/W3045967759","https://openalex.org/W3048737435","https://openalex.org/W3081802893","https://openalex.org/W3084156874","https://openalex.org/W3090641532","https://openalex.org/W3094648158","https://openalex.org/W3096080303","https://openalex.org/W3098547059","https://openalex.org/W3105842011","https://openalex.org/W3108717672","https://openalex.org/W3109333577","https://openalex.org/W3118682637","https://openalex.org/W3119850748","https://openalex.org/W3121708854","https://openalex.org/W3122438032","https://openalex.org/W3127708917","https://openalex.org/W3128766738","https://openalex.org/W3130542711","https://openalex.org/W3130643827","https://openalex.org/W3132874631","https://openalex.org/W3133822294","https://openalex.org/W3135900001","https://openalex.org/W3152873785","https://openalex.org/W3154135352","https://openalex.org/W3161281120","https://openalex.org/W3164440025","https://openalex.org/W3165183789","https://openalex.org/W3168113442","https://openalex.org/W3171509624","https://openalex.org/W3176747664","https://openalex.org/W3179569366","https://openalex.org/W3179817027","https://openalex.org/W3188382876","https://openalex.org/W3192236463","https://openalex.org/W3192459222","https://openalex.org/W3193176909","https://openalex.org/W3194297971","https://openalex.org/W3209045362","https://openalex.org/W3211333982","https://openalex.org/W6684665197","https://openalex.org/W6734956766","https://openalex.org/W6752948520","https://openalex.org/W6769004243","https://openalex.org/W6786710083","https://openalex.org/W6788377162","https://openalex.org/W6788907094","https://openalex.org/W6790265436","https://openalex.org/W6790931814","https://openalex.org/W6791490955","https://openalex.org/W6796963708","https://openalex.org/W6798333451","https://openalex.org/W6798603062","https://openalex.org/W6800155676","https://openalex.org/W6803469389"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045155990","https://openalex.org/W4313163053","https://openalex.org/W4300973204","https://openalex.org/W3045811229","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W1483408780","https://openalex.org/W4284884309","https://openalex.org/W2908749798","https://openalex.org/W4243842598","https://openalex.org/W2105980483"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,30,108],"(DL)":[2],"enables":[3],"the":[4,23,26,86,93,111,132,140,148,160,173,177],"creation":[5],"of":[6,20,28,43,80,96,106,113,131,150,181],"computational":[7],"models":[8,171],"comprising":[9],"multiple":[10,18],"processing":[11],"layers":[12],"that":[13,156],"learn":[14],"data":[15,53],"representations":[16],"at":[17],"levels":[19],"abstraction.":[21],"In":[22],"recent":[24,97],"past,":[25],"use":[27],"deep":[29,107],"has":[31],"been":[32],"proliferating,":[33],"yielding":[34,67],"promising":[35],"results":[36],"in":[37,47,69,100,110,147,176],"applications":[38,76],"across":[39,77],"a":[40,62,103],"growing":[41],"number":[42],"fields,":[44],"most":[45],"notably":[46],"image":[48,51],"processing,":[49],"medical":[50],"analysis,":[52,54,117],"and":[55,74,90,123,139,143,153,168,179],"bioinformatics.":[56],"DL":[57,170],"algorithms":[58],"have":[59],"also":[60],"had":[61],"significant":[63],"positive":[64],"impact":[65],"through":[66],"improvements":[68],"screening,":[70,119],"recognition,":[71],"segmentation,":[72,120],"prediction,":[73,121],"classification":[75],"different":[78],"domains":[79],"healthcare,":[81],"such":[82],"as":[83],"those":[84],"concerning":[85],"abdomen,":[87],"cardiac,":[88],"pathology,":[89],"retina.":[91],"Given":[92],"extensive":[94],"body":[95],"scientific":[98],"contributions":[99],"this":[101],"discipline,":[102],"comprehensive":[104],"review":[105],"developments":[109],"domain":[112],"diabetic":[114],"retinopathy":[115],"(DR)":[116],"viz.,":[118],"classification,":[122],"validation,":[124],"is":[125,136],"presented":[126],"here.":[127],"A":[128],"critical":[129],"analysis":[130],"relevant":[133],"reported":[134],"techniques":[135],"carried":[137],"out,":[138],"associated":[141],"advantages":[142],"limitations":[144],"highlighted,":[145],"culminating":[146],"identification":[149],"research":[151,161],"gaps":[152],"future":[154],"challenges":[155,175],"help":[157],"to":[158,163],"inform":[159],"community":[162],"develop":[164],"more":[165],"efficient,":[166],"robust,":[167],"accurate":[169],"for":[172],"various":[174],"monitoring":[178],"diagnosis":[180],"DR.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}