{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293716500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176533","title":"Real-Time Loosely Coupled 3DMA GNSS/Doppler Measurements Integration Using a Graph Optimization and Its Performance Assessments in Urban Canyons of New York","display_name":"Real-Time Loosely Coupled 3DMA GNSS/Doppler Measurements Integration Using a Graph Optimization and Its Performance Assessments in Urban Canyons of New York","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293716500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176533","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36080991"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22176533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/17/6533/pdf?version=1662081104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/17/6533/pdf?version=1662081104","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055598773","display_name":"Hoi\u2010Fung Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8668-6290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoi-Fung Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8668-6290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044957601","display_name":"Li\u2010Ta Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-741X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li-Ta Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-741X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038045571","display_name":"Max Jwo Lem Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5524-6724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Jwo Lem Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046048212","display_name":"Junchi Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5274-3160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junchi Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015474603","display_name":"Tahereh Naeimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2138-5793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahereh Naeimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049570092","display_name":"Mahya Beheshti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5615-8542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahya Beheshti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073829818","display_name":"John\u2010Ross Rizzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4084-0085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John-Ross Rizzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044957601","https://openalex.org/A5073829818"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506","https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3848,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80432623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"17","first_page":"6533","last_page":"6533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9166686534881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6171929240226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5704306364059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4711179733276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43290698528289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.1900721788406372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14509287476539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.113107830286026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9166686534881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6171929240226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5704306364059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4711179733276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43290698528289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.1900721788406372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14509287476539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.113107830286026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009518","descriptor_name":"New York","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009518","descriptor_name":"New York","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009518","descriptor_name":"New York","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011996","descriptor_name":"Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011996","descriptor_name":"Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011996","descriptor_name":"Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016013","descriptor_name":"Likelihood Functions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016013","descriptor_name":"Likelihood Functions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016013","descriptor_name":"Likelihood Functions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D040362","descriptor_name":"Geographic Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040362","descriptor_name":"Geographic Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040362","descriptor_name":"Geographic Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22176533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/17/6533/pdf?version=1662081104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36080991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36080991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc86b72a9f4d4147b85b70142977bac8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc86b72a9f4d4147b85b70142977bac8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 17, p 6533 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/17/6533/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 17; Pages: 6533","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9460112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9460112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22176533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/17/6533/pdf?version=1662081104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1540155722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1952180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2067400079","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1952180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2646804491","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21EY033689","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2727850470","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1928614","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3119852294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CBET-2037878","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4933730698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VR200130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5097145804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1928614","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5892981791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1952180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7661995965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VR200130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8370002187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21EY033689","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293716500.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293716500.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W209607733","https://openalex.org/W1966244759","https://openalex.org/W1973293707","https://openalex.org/W2010518947","https://openalex.org/W2013798594","https://openalex.org/W2038224741","https://openalex.org/W2038678236","https://openalex.org/W2057602957","https://openalex.org/W2071758630","https://openalex.org/W2091226544","https://openalex.org/W2114533122","https://openalex.org/W2130788112","https://openalex.org/W2131390079","https://openalex.org/W2160107027","https://openalex.org/W2180507614","https://openalex.org/W2204296387","https://openalex.org/W2232339036","https://openalex.org/W2256083669","https://openalex.org/W2289898850","https://openalex.org/W2544459442","https://openalex.org/W2572572557","https://openalex.org/W2575497014","https://openalex.org/W2599520864","https://openalex.org/W2600045298","https://openalex.org/W2602360847","https://openalex.org/W2615558267","https://openalex.org/W2617520695","https://openalex.org/W2620840419","https://openalex.org/W2745859992","https://openalex.org/W2772639133","https://openalex.org/W2774527611","https://openalex.org/W2774619706","https://openalex.org/W2796656886","https://openalex.org/W2896413958","https://openalex.org/W2946653762","https://openalex.org/W2968611636","https://openalex.org/W3003187490","https://openalex.org/W3011156601","https://openalex.org/W3021583842","https://openalex.org/W3035656196","https://openalex.org/W3038334450","https://openalex.org/W3039924866","https://openalex.org/W3104879295","https://openalex.org/W3114110897","https://openalex.org/W3140173391","https://openalex.org/W3171711237","https://openalex.org/W3205114100","https://openalex.org/W3207739581","https://openalex.org/W4200190681","https://openalex.org/W4229781983","https://openalex.org/W4240608708","https://openalex.org/W4285138949","https://openalex.org/W4286285536","https://openalex.org/W6791963612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2163330330","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W1982137911","https://openalex.org/W2027185625","https://openalex.org/W2469899484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"health":[1],"applications":[2,11],"have":[3],"received":[4],"significant":[5,13],"attention":[6],"in":[7,50,66,138,155,186],"recent":[8],"years.":[9],"Novel":[10],"hold":[12],"promise":[14],"to":[15,56,176],"overcome":[16],"many":[17],"of":[18,83,169],"the":[19,51,81,123,180,194,210],"inconveniences":[20],"faced":[21],"by":[22,215],"persons":[23,219],"with":[24,31,111,130,184,220],"disabilities":[25],"throughout":[26],"daily":[27],"living.":[28],"For":[29],"people":[30],"blindness":[32],"and":[33,53,204],"low":[34],"vision":[35],"(BLV),":[36],"environmental":[37],"perception":[38],"is":[39,46,54,182],"compromised,":[40],"creating":[41],"myriad":[42],"difficulties.":[43],"Precise":[44],"localization":[45],"still":[47],"a":[48,91,96,139,165,187,202],"gap":[49],"field":[52],"critical":[55],"safe":[57],"navigation.":[58],"Conventional":[59],"GNSS":[60,72,78,105,125],"positioning":[61,117,146,207],"cannot":[62],"provide":[63,164,201],"satisfactory":[64],"performance":[65,147,208],"urban":[67,77],"canyons.":[68],"3D":[69,84],"mapping-aided":[70],"(3DMA)":[71],"may":[73],"serve":[74],"as":[75],"an":[76,149],"solution,":[79],"since":[80],"availability":[82],"city":[85],"models":[86],"has":[87],"widely":[88],"increased.":[89],"As":[90],"result,":[92],"this":[93,216],"study":[94,143],"developed":[95],"real-time":[97,160],"3DMA":[98,104,114,124,197],"GNSS-positioning":[99],"system":[100],"based":[101],"on":[102],"state-of-the-art":[103],"algorithms.":[106],"Shadow":[107],"matching":[108],"was":[109,127],"integrated":[110],"likelihood-based":[112],"ranging":[113],"GNSS,":[115],"generating":[116],"hypothesis":[118],"candidates.":[119],"To":[120],"increase":[121],"robustness,":[122],"solution":[126],"then":[128],"optimized":[129],"Doppler":[131],"measurements":[132],"using":[133,148],"factor":[134],"graph":[135],"optimization":[136],"(FGO)":[137],"loosely-coupled":[140,196],"fashion.":[141],"This":[142],"also":[144],"evaluated":[145],"advanced":[150],"wearable":[151,217],"system's":[152],"recorded":[153],"data":[154,181],"New":[156],"York":[157],"City.":[158],"The":[159,173],"forward-processed":[161],"FGO":[162,185,198],"can":[163,200],"root-mean-square":[166],"error":[167],"(RMSE)":[168],"about":[170],"21":[171],"m.":[172],"RMSE":[174],"drops":[175],"16":[177],"m":[178],"when":[179],"post-processed":[183],"combined":[188],"direction.":[189],"Overall":[190],"results":[191],"show":[192],"that":[193],"proposed":[195],"algorithm":[199],"better":[203],"more":[205],"robust":[206],"for":[209,218],"multi-sensor":[211],"integration":[212],"approach":[213],"used":[214],"BLV.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}