{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293515381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166177","title":"Characterizing Particle-Scale Acceleration of Mud-Pumping Ballast Bed of Heavy-Haul Railway Subjected to Maintenance Operations","display_name":"Characterizing Particle-Scale Acceleration of Mud-Pumping Ballast Bed of Heavy-Haul Railway Subjected to Maintenance Operations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293515381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166177","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36015938"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22166177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6177/pdf?version=1660809432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6177/pdf?version=1660809432","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377181","display_name":"Meng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6626-8857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016985519","display_name":"Yuanjie Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4450-9012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanjie Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Engineering Structures of Heavy Haul Railway, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4450-9012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Engineering Structures of Heavy Haul Railway, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461992","display_name":"Wenqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5818-853X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101951478","display_name":"Hongjun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9999-7220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135994","display_name":"China Railway Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03za3eq42","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chawu Track Division, Daqin Railway Co., Ltd., China Railway Taiyuan Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chawu Track Division, Daqin Railway Co., Ltd., China Railway Taiyuan Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005429116","display_name":"Wenjun Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-6034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjun Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110760465","display_name":"Yu Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6998-759X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016985519"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8707,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68486292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"16","first_page":"6177","last_page":"6177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballast","display_name":"Ballast","score":0.9820802211761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.5926516056060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.5674511790275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.515582263469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bogie","display_name":"Bogie","score":0.4652717113494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.43047723174095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.38514474034309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13485997915267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0811808705329895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125907379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4851537","display_name":"Ballast","level":2,"score":0.9820802211761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5926516056060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.5674511790275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.515582263469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123045823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217421","display_name":"Bogie","level":2,"score":0.4652717113494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.43047723174095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.38514474034309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13485997915267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0811808705329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000054","descriptor_name":"Acceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000054","descriptor_name":"Acceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000054","descriptor_name":"Acceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22166177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6177/pdf?version=1660809432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36015938","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36015938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:973d0a7c7bc94f5b86ce3dc96848cff2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/973d0a7c7bc94f5b86ce3dc96848cff2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 16, p 6177 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/16/6177/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 16; Pages: 6177","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9413036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9413036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22166177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6177/pdf?version=1660809432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2177178555","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51808577","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3103724146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1934209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3604773425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YJ026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4397208514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JZZ02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4531617397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JZZ01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G548921074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51808577","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5586035747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JZZ02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5743263921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52178443","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5744646951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JZZ01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6163213981","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021zzts0227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6973014300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52178443","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7080281609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JZZ01 &amp","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7437015412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFC1904704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7682199974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1734208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7920335733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51878673","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8636861635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1934209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8815527140","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1734208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951325803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YJ022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G907545238","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021zzts0227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293515381.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518019364","https://openalex.org/W1924625020","https://openalex.org/W1980273755","https://openalex.org/W1982226272","https://openalex.org/W2010314576","https://openalex.org/W2011157375","https://openalex.org/W2013286792","https://openalex.org/W2042851130","https://openalex.org/W2073329650","https://openalex.org/W2078808183","https://openalex.org/W2088255428","https://openalex.org/W2116395075","https://openalex.org/W2166615907","https://openalex.org/W2282757039","https://openalex.org/W2302111677","https://openalex.org/W2340333472","https://openalex.org/W2509162702","https://openalex.org/W2560795425","https://openalex.org/W2598106310","https://openalex.org/W2601634355","https://openalex.org/W2620420851","https://openalex.org/W2762369806","https://openalex.org/W2791551709","https://openalex.org/W2791664928","https://openalex.org/W2799516712","https://openalex.org/W2799946855","https://openalex.org/W2800385911","https://openalex.org/W2896365229","https://openalex.org/W2901941393","https://openalex.org/W2916360825","https://openalex.org/W2947772857","https://openalex.org/W2950826340","https://openalex.org/W2981951446","https://openalex.org/W2995334277","https://openalex.org/W2995750480","https://openalex.org/W2998071426","https://openalex.org/W2999169635","https://openalex.org/W3009717590","https://openalex.org/W3012055833","https://openalex.org/W3025590270","https://openalex.org/W3030571568","https://openalex.org/W3035433964","https://openalex.org/W3036669726","https://openalex.org/W3038000857","https://openalex.org/W3094612384","https://openalex.org/W3111076730","https://openalex.org/W3112043586","https://openalex.org/W3156123310","https://openalex.org/W3191927128","https://openalex.org/W3198252000","https://openalex.org/W4206047196","https://openalex.org/W4212982177","https://openalex.org/W4221094905","https://openalex.org/W6684389354","https://openalex.org/W6771845516"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4213040196","https://openalex.org/W2351761736","https://openalex.org/W615703558","https://openalex.org/W3151688715","https://openalex.org/W2347531652","https://openalex.org/W2391741282","https://openalex.org/W2245161148","https://openalex.org/W2480615668","https://openalex.org/W2979011600","https://openalex.org/W2030733347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fouling":[0],"and":[1,10,23,41,66,103,119,130,178,197,211],"mud-pumping":[2,69],"problems":[3],"in":[4,71,90,193,223,246],"ballasted":[5],"track":[6,267],"significantly":[7],"degrade":[8],"serviceability":[9],"jeopardize":[11],"train":[12],"operational":[13],"safety.":[14],"The":[15,75,108,125,139,168,204,227],"phenomenological":[16],"approaches":[17,44],"for":[18,45,173,198,264],"post":[19],"hoc":[20],"forensic":[21],"investigation":[22],"remedies":[24],"of":[25,48,59,85,113,133,145,156,183],"mud":[26,49,205],"pumps":[27,206],"have":[28],"relatively":[29,153],"been":[30],"well":[31],"studied,":[32],"but":[33],"there":[34],"still":[35],"lacks":[36],"studies":[37],"on":[38],"inherent":[39],"mechanisms":[40],"ex":[42],"ante":[43],"early-age":[46,68],"detection":[47],"pumps.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"was":[53,171,190],"aimed":[54],"to":[55,64,95,239,244,254],"exploring":[56],"the":[57,91,142,180,187,194,202,215],"feasibility":[58],"using":[60],"particle":[61,98],"acceleration":[62,111,135,144,236,257],"responses":[63],"diagnose":[65],"identify":[67],"risks":[70],"real-world":[72],"field":[73],"applications.":[74],"innovative":[76],"wireless":[77],"sensors":[78],"with":[79,160],"3D-printed":[80],"shells":[81],"resembling":[82],"real":[83],"shape":[84],"ballast":[86,97,114,146,175,184,199,212,228],"particles":[87,147,200,213,229],"were":[88,123,136,217],"instrumented":[89],"problematic":[92],"railway":[93],"section":[94],"monitor":[96],"movement":[99],"prior":[100],"to,":[101],"during,":[102],"after":[104],"maintenance":[105,240],"operations,":[106],"respectively.":[107],"real-time":[109],"particle-scale":[110,209,256],"data":[112],"bed":[115,176],"under":[116],"both":[117],"degraded":[118],"maintenance-restored":[120],"clean":[121],"conditions":[122],"recorded.":[124],"time":[126],"histories,":[127],"power":[128],"spectra,":[129],"marginal":[131],"spectra":[132],"3D":[134,143],"comparatively":[137],"analyzed.":[138],"results":[140],"showed":[141],"underneath":[148,201,214,231,258],"rail-supporting":[149],"tie":[150,232,259],"plates":[151,233,260],"displayed":[152],"clear":[154],"periodicity":[155],"about":[157],"0.8":[158],"s":[159],"adjacent":[161,225],"bogies":[162],"regarded":[163],"as":[164,242,261],"a":[165],"loading":[166],"unit.":[167],"tamping":[169],"operation":[170,189],"effective":[172,191],"compacting":[174],"laterally":[177],"improving":[179],"lateral":[181,195],"interlocking":[182],"particles,":[185],"whereas":[186],"stabilizing":[188],"mainly":[192],"direction":[196],"sleepers.":[203,226],"caused":[207],"intensive":[208],"acceleration,":[210],"sleepers":[216],"affected":[218],"more":[219],"severely":[220],"than":[221],"those":[222,245],"between":[224],"directly":[230],"exhibit":[234],"dramatic":[235],"variations":[237],"due":[238],"operations":[241],"compared":[243],"other":[247],"positions":[248],"studied;":[249],"hence,":[250],"it":[251],"seems":[252],"promising":[253],"use":[255],"readily-implementable":[262],"indicators":[263],"smart":[265],"in-service":[266],"health":[268],"monitoring.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}