{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291824943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166042","title":"Whitening Technique Based on Gram\u2013Schmidt Orthogonalization for Motor Imagery Classification of Brain\u2013Computer Interface Applications","display_name":"Whitening Technique Based on Gram\u2013Schmidt Orthogonalization for Motor Imagery Classification of Brain\u2013Computer Interface Applications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291824943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166042","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36015803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22166042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6042/pdf?version=1660540684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6042/pdf?version=1660540684","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101887930","display_name":"Hojong Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1955-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hojong Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13306, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13306, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junghun Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junghun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045774017","display_name":"Yeon-Mo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2688-302X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yeon-Mo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2688-302X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045774017"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0656,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74719234,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"16","first_page":"6042","last_page":"6042"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8567017316818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonalization","display_name":"Orthogonalization","score":0.855202317237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.835434079170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6106931567192078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5634548664093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4862064719200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.4643222689628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.453539103269577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stepper-motor","display_name":"Stepper motor","score":0.41449838876724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.344729483127594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.210862934589386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21040230989456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.19585290551185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11082521080970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07148423790931702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.06945618987083435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8567017316818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702189","display_name":"Orthogonalization","level":2,"score":0.855202317237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.835434079170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6106931567192078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5634548664093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4862064719200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.4643222689628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.453539103269577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986817828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235790","display_name":"Stepper motor","level":2,"score":0.41449838876724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.344729483127594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.210862934589386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21040230989456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.19585290551185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11082521080970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07148423790931702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06945618987083435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019018","descriptor_name":"Imagery, Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019018","descriptor_name":"Imagery, Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019018","descriptor_name":"Imagery, Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22166042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6042/pdf?version=1660540684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36015803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36015803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5086d53013c549fda6c00b9242566301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5086d53013c549fda6c00b9242566301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 16, p 6042 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/16/6042/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 16; Pages: 6042","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9413233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9413233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22166042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6042/pdf?version=1660540684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321327","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291824943.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291824943.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978813050","https://openalex.org/W2005791255","https://openalex.org/W2071128523","https://openalex.org/W2075647286","https://openalex.org/W2099509424","https://openalex.org/W2128909182","https://openalex.org/W2131321253","https://openalex.org/W2144357419","https://openalex.org/W2145302786","https://openalex.org/W2151669316","https://openalex.org/W2152119085","https://openalex.org/W2165217282","https://openalex.org/W2188333210","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2568765905","https://openalex.org/W2747927676","https://openalex.org/W2794345050","https://openalex.org/W2991224771","https://openalex.org/W3007612421","https://openalex.org/W3047012617","https://openalex.org/W3080395176","https://openalex.org/W3100205963","https://openalex.org/W3105975110","https://openalex.org/W3125433188","https://openalex.org/W3194549684","https://openalex.org/W3207696354","https://openalex.org/W3215284206","https://openalex.org/W4211039151","https://openalex.org/W4234394238","https://openalex.org/W6770789257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W2951110009","https://openalex.org/W1513407214","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W3045772920"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"novel":[1],"whitening":[2,69],"technique":[3],"for":[4,31,53,150,158,167],"motor":[5],"imagery":[6],"(MI)":[7],"classification":[8,34,55,89,169],"is":[9,22,47],"proposed":[10,80,98,131,162],"to":[11,24,49,72,156],"reduce":[12],"the":[13,26,32,40,43,50,59,74,84,87,97,105,113,121,130,146,161],"accuracy":[14,44,51],"variance":[15,41,75,85,126],"of":[16,35,42,61,86,170],"brain-computer":[17],"interfaces":[18],"(BCIs).":[19],"This":[20],"method":[21,82,133,148,163],"intended":[23],"improve":[25],"electroencephalogram":[27],"eigenface":[28],"analysis":[29],"performance":[30],"MI":[33,88,168],"BCIs.":[36],"In":[37],"BCI":[38,67,106,114,171],"classification,":[39],"among":[45,76],"subjects":[46],"sensitive":[48],"itself":[52],"superior":[54],"results.":[56],"Hence,":[57],"with":[58],"help":[60],"Gram-Schmidt":[62,136],"orthogonalization,":[63],"we":[64,100],"propose":[65],"a":[66],"channel":[68],"(BCICW)":[70],"scheme":[71],"minimize":[73],"subjects.":[77],"The":[78,125],"newly":[79],"BCICW":[81,132],"improved":[83],"in":[90],"real":[91],"data.":[92],"To":[93],"validate":[94],"and":[95,112,152],"verify":[96],"scheme,":[99],"performed":[101],"an":[102],"experiment":[103],"on":[104,135],"competition":[107,115],"3":[108],"dataset":[109,117],"IIIa":[110],"(D3D3a)":[111],"4":[116],"IIa":[118],"(D4D2a)":[119],"using":[120,129,145],"MATLAB":[122],"simulation":[123],"tool.":[124],"data":[127],"when":[128,144],"based":[134],"orthogonalization":[137],"was":[138],"much":[139],"lower":[140],"(11.21)":[141],"than":[142],"that":[143],"EFA":[147],"(58.33)":[149],"D3D3a":[151],"decreased":[153],"from":[154],"(17.48)":[155],"(9.38)":[157],"D4D2a.":[159],"Therefore,":[160],"could":[164],"be":[165],"effective":[166],"applications.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}