{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4290755261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155860","title":"A Novel Quick-Response Eigenface Analysis Scheme for Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces","display_name":"A Novel Quick-Response Eigenface Analysis Scheme for Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4290755261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155860","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35957420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5860/pdf?version=1659698228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5860/pdf?version=1659698228","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101887930","display_name":"Hojong Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1955-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hojong Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13306, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13306, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079578120","display_name":"Jeung Hun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8797-1293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junghun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045774017","display_name":"Yeon-Mo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2688-302X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yeon-Mo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045774017"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.0531,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92123409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"15","first_page":"5860","last_page":"5860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6463851928710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.61388099193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eigenface","display_name":"Eigenface","score":0.6052233576774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.5380048751831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38606590032577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34705308079719543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.21315568685531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.15173065662384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.129991352558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.12665694952011108}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6463851928710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.61388099193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104906051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29695","display_name":"Eigenface","level":4,"score":0.6052233576774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.5380048751831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38606590032577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34705308079719543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.21315568685531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.15173065662384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.129991352558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12665694952011108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019018","descriptor_name":"Imagery, Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019018","descriptor_name":"Imagery, Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019018","descriptor_name":"Imagery, Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5860/pdf?version=1659698228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35957420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35957420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:53280119844641ccb3940eb8474b1e43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/53280119844641ccb3940eb8474b1e43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 15, p 5860 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/15/5860/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 15; Pages: 5860","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9370919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9370919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5860/pdf?version=1659698228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321327","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321366","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290755261.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290755261.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971029950","https://openalex.org/W1982802415","https://openalex.org/W2001471870","https://openalex.org/W2075647286","https://openalex.org/W2093296486","https://openalex.org/W2128909182","https://openalex.org/W2131321253","https://openalex.org/W2147924864","https://openalex.org/W2151669316","https://openalex.org/W2152119085","https://openalex.org/W2153912116","https://openalex.org/W2155617375","https://openalex.org/W2165217282","https://openalex.org/W2167334234","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2354225344","https://openalex.org/W2410862514","https://openalex.org/W2528208370","https://openalex.org/W2560705663","https://openalex.org/W2568765905","https://openalex.org/W2789600509","https://openalex.org/W2998110586","https://openalex.org/W3016401928","https://openalex.org/W3017080928","https://openalex.org/W3047012617","https://openalex.org/W3073172527","https://openalex.org/W3080395176","https://openalex.org/W3126121388","https://openalex.org/W3186516637","https://openalex.org/W4200413493","https://openalex.org/W4302045803","https://openalex.org/W6727944506","https://openalex.org/W6780927959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2248182120","https://openalex.org/W2339208735","https://openalex.org/W2153054748","https://openalex.org/W3145609220","https://openalex.org/W2359186621","https://openalex.org/W2387385155","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2389769973","https://openalex.org/W2042327336","https://openalex.org/W2169725059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,187],"brain-computer":[1],"interface":[2,46],"(BCI)":[3],"is":[4,63,160],"used":[5],"to":[6,37,65,97,162,206],"understand":[7],"brain":[8,44],"activities":[9],"and":[10,79,91,109,139,144,180,212,227],"external":[11],"bodies":[12],"with":[13],"the":[14,17,24,43,67,99,120,124,132,136,146,154,158,173,192,198,200,219,233],"help":[15],"of":[16,22,42,232],"motor":[18,61],"imagery":[19,62],"(MI).":[20],"As":[21],"today,":[23],"classification":[25,40,68,128,166,169,235],"results":[26,189],"for":[27,60,70,172,210,216,230,237],"EEG":[28],"4":[29,176],"class":[30],"BCI":[31,75,106,155,174,181,238],"competition":[32,175,182],"dataset":[33,107,177,184],"have":[34],"been":[35],"improved":[36],"provide":[38,163],"better":[39],"accuracy":[41,69,170],"computer":[45],"systems":[47],"(BCIs).":[48],"Based":[49],"on":[50,153],"this":[51],"observation,":[52],"a":[53,92,104,164,224],"novel":[54],"quick-response":[55],"eigenface":[56],"analysis":[57],"(QR-EFA)":[58],"scheme":[59,159],"proposed":[64,147,194,220],"improve":[66],"BCIs.":[71],"Thus,":[72],"we":[73,87,112,149],"considered":[74],"signals":[76],"in":[77,119,127,135,168],"standardized":[78],"sharable":[80],"quick":[81],"response":[82],"(QR)":[83],"image":[84],"domain;":[85],"then,":[86],"systematically":[88],"combined":[89],"EFA":[90],"convolution":[93],"neural":[94],"network":[95],"(CNN)":[96],"classify":[98],"neuro":[100,116],"images.":[101],"To":[102,142],"overcome":[103],"non-stationary":[105],"available":[108],"non-ergodic":[110],"characteristics,":[111],"utilized":[113],"an":[114,151],"effective":[115],"data":[117],"augmentation":[118],"training":[121],"phase.":[122],"For":[123],"ultimate":[125],"improvements":[126],"performance,":[129],"QR-EFA":[130,195,221],"maximizes":[131],"similarities":[133],"existing":[134],"domain-,":[137],"trial-,":[138],"subject-wise":[140],"directions.":[141],"validate":[143],"verify":[145],"scheme,":[148],"performed":[150],"experiment":[152],"dataset.":[156],"Specifically,":[157],"intended":[161],"higher":[165],"output":[167],"performance":[171],"2a":[178],"(C4D2a_4C)":[179],"3":[183],"3a":[185],"(C3D3a_4C).":[186],"experimental":[188],"confirm":[190],"that":[191],"newly":[193],"method":[196],"outperforms":[197],"previous":[199],"published":[201],"results,":[202],"specifically":[203],"from":[204],"85.4%":[205],"97.87%":[207],"\u00b1":[208,214],"0.75":[209],"C4D2a_4C":[211],"88.21%":[213],"6.02":[215],"C3D3a_4C.":[217],"Therefore,":[218],"could":[222],"be":[223],"highly":[225],"reliable":[226],"constructive":[228],"framework":[229],"one":[231],"MI":[234],"solutions":[236],"applications.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}