{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289522396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155765","title":"Android Spyware Detection Using Machine Learning: A Novel Dataset","display_name":"Android Spyware Detection Using Machine Learning: A Novel Dataset","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289522396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155765","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35957337"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155765","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5765/pdf?version=1659445264","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5765/pdf?version=1659445264","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010352323","display_name":"Majdi K. Qabalin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-5390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158749337","display_name":"Princess Sumaya University for Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jy46q10","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Majdi K. Qabalin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-5390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112825375","display_name":"Muawya Naser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158749337","display_name":"Princess Sumaya University for Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jy46q10","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muawya Naser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007101385","display_name":"Mouhammd Alkasassbeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-7441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158749337","display_name":"Princess Sumaya University for Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jy46q10","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mouhammd Alkasassbeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-7441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010352323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":2.7093,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90779363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"15","first_page":"5765","last_page":"5765"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7120605707168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6860324144363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6301087141036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5124126076698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4609653651714325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35793542861938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33123278617858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32845306396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14132791757583618}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7120605707168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6860324144363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6301087141036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5124126076698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4609653651714325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35793542861938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33123278617858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32845306396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14132791757583618}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155765","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5765/pdf?version=1659445264","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35957337","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35957337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9371186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9371186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fed5ff465cce4395855ad8fb1e5a1241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fed5ff465cce4395855ad8fb1e5a1241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 15, p 5765 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/15/5765/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 15; Pages: 5765","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155765","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5765/pdf?version=1659445264","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289522396.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995061801","https://openalex.org/W2051755074","https://openalex.org/W2052524720","https://openalex.org/W2059802624","https://openalex.org/W2074023167","https://openalex.org/W2151595407","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2285433275","https://openalex.org/W2297172173","https://openalex.org/W2328432802","https://openalex.org/W2365033090","https://openalex.org/W2465110150","https://openalex.org/W2518326618","https://openalex.org/W2548283855","https://openalex.org/W2586643787","https://openalex.org/W2789264846","https://openalex.org/W2894361712","https://openalex.org/W2950268866","https://openalex.org/W2953797486","https://openalex.org/W2963403784","https://openalex.org/W2970808735","https://openalex.org/W2973934521","https://openalex.org/W3007065235","https://openalex.org/W3015902623","https://openalex.org/W3023284086","https://openalex.org/W3033137374","https://openalex.org/W3036769282","https://openalex.org/W3041539111","https://openalex.org/W3046892157","https://openalex.org/W3126632521","https://openalex.org/W3129501438","https://openalex.org/W3166250660","https://openalex.org/W3175964161","https://openalex.org/W4205811104","https://openalex.org/W4228997631","https://openalex.org/W6726380845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W3135126032","https://openalex.org/W4308716060","https://openalex.org/W4280648719","https://openalex.org/W4386937079","https://openalex.org/W4394984040"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smartphones":[0],"are":[1,123],"an":[2],"essential":[3],"part":[4],"of":[5,8,28,38,52,188],"all":[6],"aspects":[7],"our":[9],"lives.":[10],"Socially,":[11],"politically,":[12],"and":[13,30,40,50,65,167,179,200,220,227,243,250],"commercially,":[14],"there":[15],"is":[16,77],"almost":[17],"complete":[18],"reliance":[19],"on":[20,116],"smartphones":[21],"as":[22,62],"a":[23,26,63,85,100,105,110,117],"communication":[24],"tool,":[25],"source":[27],"information,":[29],"for":[31,68,88,142,175,196,202,213,236],"entertainment.":[32],"Rapid":[33],"developments":[34],"in":[35,92,104,186,230],"the":[36,48,78,129,136,143,148,168,197,203,207,210,233],"world":[37],"information":[39],"cyber":[41],"security":[42],"have":[43,58],"necessitated":[44],"close":[45],"attention":[46],"to":[47,163],"privacy":[49,71],"protection":[51],"smartphone":[53,69,94,134],"data.":[54,155],"Spyware":[55],"detection":[56,211,234],"systems":[57,215,238],"recently":[59],"been":[60],"developed":[61],"promising":[64],"encouraging":[66],"solution":[67],"users'":[70,95],"protection.":[72],"The":[73,121,156,190],"Android":[74],"operating":[75],"system":[76],"most":[79],"widely":[80],"used":[81],"worldwide,":[82],"making":[83],"it":[84],"significant":[86],"target":[87],"many":[89],"parties":[90],"interested":[91],"targeting":[93],"privacy.":[96],"This":[97],"paper":[98],"introduces":[99],"novel":[101,111],"dataset":[102,166],"collected":[103],"realistic":[106],"environment,":[107],"obtained":[108],"through":[109],"data":[112,122,141,176],"collection":[113],"methodology":[114],"based":[115],"unified":[118],"activity":[119],"list.":[120],"divided":[124],"into":[125],"three":[126],"main":[127],"classes:":[128],"first":[130],"class":[131,138,150],"represents":[132,139,151],"normal":[133],"traffic;":[135],"second":[137],"traffic":[140,154],"spyware":[144,152,214,237],"installation":[145],"process;":[146],"finally,":[147],"third":[149],"operation":[153],"random":[157],"forest":[158],"classification":[159],"algorithm":[160],"was":[161,194,222,245],"adopted":[162,174],"validate":[164],"this":[165],"proposed":[169],"model.":[170],"Two":[171],"methodologies":[172],"were":[173,184],"classification:":[177],"binary-class":[178,198,231],"multi-class":[180,204,208],"classification.":[181,205],"Good":[182],"results":[183],"achieved":[185],"terms":[187],"accuracy.":[189],"overall":[191],"average":[192],"accuracy":[193,212,235],"79%":[195],"classification,":[199,232],"77%":[201],"In":[206],"approach,":[209],"(UMobix,":[216,239],"TheWiSPY,":[217,240],"MobileSPY,":[218,241],"FlexiSPY,":[219,242],"mSPY)":[221,244],"90%,":[223],"83.7%,":[224],"69.3%,":[225],"69.2%,":[226],"73.4%,":[228],"respectively;":[229],"93.9%,":[246],"85.63%,":[247],"71%,":[248],"72.3%,":[249],"75.96%;":[251],"respectively.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
