{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288720746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155633","title":"Best of Both Worlds: Detecting Application Layer Attacks through 802.11 and Non-802.11 Features","display_name":"Best of Both Worlds: Detecting Application Layer Attacks through 802.11 and Non-802.11 Features","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288720746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155633","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35957190"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155633","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5633/pdf?version=1658987471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5633/pdf?version=1658987471","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087799945","display_name":"Efstratios Chatzoglou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-5052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Efstratios Chatzoglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information & Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Karlovasi, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-5052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information & Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Karlovasi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047345306","display_name":"Georgios Kambourakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6348-5031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118689","display_name":"Joint Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02qezmz13","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210118689","https://openalex.org/I4210161702"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Kambourakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6348-5031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080222322","display_name":"Christos Smiliotopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-7152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Smiliotopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information & Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Karlovasi, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-7152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information & Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Karlovasi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088023851","display_name":"Constantinos Kolias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-291X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constantinos Kolias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID 83402, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-291X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID 83402, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047345306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118689"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90894078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"15","first_page":"5633","last_page":"5633"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.784238338470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6070383787155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.5448390245437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5299264788627625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5250115990638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer","display_name":"Application layer","score":0.46888893842697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4657863676548004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4512181282043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4363107681274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.34056252241134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.19304364919662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10561397671699524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.784238338470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6070383787155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.5448390245437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5299264788627625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5250115990638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.46888893842697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4657863676548004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4512181282043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4363107681274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34056252241134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.19304364919662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10561397671699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155633","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5633/pdf?version=1658987471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35957190","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35957190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45065fdf4aa3471fb9c961850a26fac5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45065fdf4aa3471fb9c961850a26fac5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 15, p 5633 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/15/5633/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 15; Pages: 5633","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9370851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9370851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155633","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5633/pdf?version=1658987471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288720746.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288720746.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964234701","https://openalex.org/W1990680872","https://openalex.org/W2050513182","https://openalex.org/W2081029799","https://openalex.org/W2170874246","https://openalex.org/W2198302135","https://openalex.org/W2625013748","https://openalex.org/W2773456774","https://openalex.org/W2889255763","https://openalex.org/W2897104255","https://openalex.org/W2913856735","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2980576170","https://openalex.org/W3000307855","https://openalex.org/W3016124431","https://openalex.org/W3033403042","https://openalex.org/W3046830338","https://openalex.org/W3107875173","https://openalex.org/W3113708632","https://openalex.org/W3121022046","https://openalex.org/W3132842072","https://openalex.org/W3199336415","https://openalex.org/W4200403503","https://openalex.org/W4213280295","https://openalex.org/W4220843045","https://openalex.org/W4226319939","https://openalex.org/W4280625975","https://openalex.org/W4283768488","https://openalex.org/W4285055378","https://openalex.org/W6805148296"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3176621072","https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W4254602698","https://openalex.org/W2394461323","https://openalex.org/W2349441905","https://openalex.org/W2361044160","https://openalex.org/W3120792425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intrusion":[0],"detection":[1,169],"in":[2,122,124,174],"wireless":[3],"and,":[4],"more":[5],"specifically,":[6],"Wi-Fi":[7,54],"networks":[8],"is":[9,49,110],"lately":[10],"increasingly":[11],"under":[12,179],"the":[13,16,20,28,80,111,138,142,177,180],"spotlight":[14],"of":[15,27,46,50,71,105,113,176],"research":[17],"community.":[18],"However,":[19],"literature":[21],"currently":[22],"lacks":[23],"a":[24,60,103,168],"comprehensive":[25],"assessment":[26],"potential":[29],"to":[30,98,102,141,172],"detect":[31],"application":[32,72,126,148],"layer":[33,73,127,149],"attacks":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36,153],"both":[37,87],"802.11":[38],"and":[39,89,115,121],"non-802.11":[40,116],"network":[41,134],"protocol":[42,135],"features.":[43],"The":[44],"investigation":[45],"this":[47,76,95],"capacity":[48],"paramount":[51],"importance":[52],"since":[53],"domains":[55],"are":[56,137],"often":[57],"used":[58,119],"as":[59],"stepping":[61],"stone":[62],"by":[63,78],"threat":[64],"actors":[65],"for":[66,146],"unleashing":[67],"an":[68,164],"ample":[69],"variety":[70],"assaults.":[74],"In":[75],"setting,":[77],"exploiting":[79,163],"contemporary":[81],"AWID3":[82],"benchmark":[83],"dataset":[84],"along":[85],"with":[86],"shallow":[88],"deep":[90],"learning":[91,93,144],"machine":[92,143],"techniques,":[94],"work":[96],"attempts":[97],"provide":[99],"concrete":[100],"answers":[101],"dyad":[104],"principal":[106],"matters.":[107],"First,":[108],"what":[109],"competence":[112],"802.11-specific":[114],"features":[117,136],"when":[118],"separately":[120],"tandem":[123],"detecting":[125,147],"attacks,":[128],"say,":[129],"website":[130],"spoofing?":[131],"Second,":[132],"which":[133],"most":[139],"informative":[140],"model":[145],"attacks?":[150],"Without":[151],"relying":[152],"any":[154],"optimization":[155],"or":[156],"dimensionality":[157],"reduction":[158],"technique,":[159],"our":[160],"experiments,":[161],"indicatively":[162],"engineered":[165],"feature,":[166],"demonstrate":[167],"performance":[170],"up":[171],"96.7%":[173],"terms":[175],"Area":[178],"ROC":[181],"Curve":[182],"(AUC)":[183],"metric.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}