{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4287219458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155515","title":"Application of PSO-BPNN-PID Controller in Nutrient Solution EC Precise Control System: Applied Research","display_name":"Application of PSO-BPNN-PID Controller in Nutrient Solution EC Precise Control System: Applied Research","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4287219458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155515","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35898019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5515/pdf?version=1658819558","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5515/pdf?version=1658819558","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781624","display_name":"Yongtao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6281-5377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145500","display_name":"Guizhou Electric Power Design and Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/055f13495","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongtao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guizhou Institute of Water Resources Science, Guiyang 550002, China","State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guizhou Institute of Water Resources Science, Guiyang 550002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070319114","display_name":"Jian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-8042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385072","display_name":"Rong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1778-0579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082616625","display_name":"Xinyu Suo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6139-374X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Suo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052143764","display_name":"Enhui Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-440X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enhui Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070319114","https://openalex.org/A5100781624"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230","https://openalex.org/I4210145500"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.212,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77874487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"15","first_page":"5515","last_page":"5515"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13535","display_name":"Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.921666145324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.8338152170181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overshoot","display_name":"Overshoot (microwave communication)","score":0.6807022094726562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6470012068748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5044065713882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.42798006534576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4205096662044525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39185038208961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3562627136707306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.3476443886756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.30529308319091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.24532699584960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20830205082893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.17792797088623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.1707477867603302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.1622799038887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13638749718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08148735761642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0754501223564148}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.921666145324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.8338152170181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113957","display_name":"Overshoot (microwave communication)","level":2,"score":0.6807022094726562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6470012068748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5044065713882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.42798006534576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4205096662044525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39185038208961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3562627136707306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3476443886756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30529308319091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.24532699584960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20830205082893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.17792797088623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.1707477867603302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.1622799038887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13638749718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08148735761642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0754501223564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000078622","descriptor_name":"Nutrients","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000078622","descriptor_name":"Nutrients","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000078622","descriptor_name":"Nutrients","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000078622","descriptor_name":"Nutrients","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5515/pdf?version=1658819558","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35898019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35898019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:07701edbf94142a0b50aed7ade4e1f53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/07701edbf94142a0b50aed7ade4e1f53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 15, p 5515 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/15/5515/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 15; Pages: 5515","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9330439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9330439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22155515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5515/pdf?version=1658819558","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4287219458.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4287219458.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1949955622","https://openalex.org/W2110213919","https://openalex.org/W2508852782","https://openalex.org/W2789448089","https://openalex.org/W2945736637","https://openalex.org/W2950078569","https://openalex.org/W3126206636","https://openalex.org/W3131472244","https://openalex.org/W3185877948","https://openalex.org/W4210394205","https://openalex.org/W6763634527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293868274","https://openalex.org/W2393592727","https://openalex.org/W4386412075","https://openalex.org/W2153629532","https://openalex.org/W2698567378","https://openalex.org/W2368034024","https://openalex.org/W4389515241","https://openalex.org/W2810278913","https://openalex.org/W2110981444","https://openalex.org/W2547959363"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,64],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,100,193],"present":[4],"a":[5,11,35,39,59,185],"nutrient":[6,12,40,125],"solution":[7,13,41],"control":[8,43,80,118,177],"system,":[9],"designing":[10],"electrical":[14],"conductivity":[15],"(EC)":[16],"sensing":[17],"system":[18,89,211],"composed":[19],"of":[20,29,58,123,220,243,249],"multiple":[21],"long-range":[22],"radio":[23],"(LoRa)":[24],"slave":[25],"nodes,":[26,33],"narrow-band":[27],"Internet":[28],"Things":[30],"(NB-IoT)":[31],"master":[32],"and":[34,45,84,106,138,155,173,189,201,205,207,233,246,251],"host":[36],"computer,":[37],"building":[38],"EC":[42,102,120,157,221],"model":[44],"using":[46],"the":[47,55,66,73,77,88,96,108,119,124,142,150,156,167,174,179,209,217,226,234,241,244],"particle":[48,109],"swarm":[49,110],"optimization":[50,111],"(PSO)":[51],"algorithm":[52],"to":[53,75,117],"optimize":[54],"initial":[56,98],"weights":[57,69],"back-propagation":[60],"neural":[61,113,169],"network":[62,114,170],"(BPNN).":[63],"addition,":[65],"optimized":[67,128],"best":[68],"are":[70],"put":[71],"into":[72],"BPNN":[74],"adjust":[76],"proportional-integral-derivative":[78],"(PID)":[79],"parameters":[81],"Kp,":[82],"Ki,":[83],"Kd":[85,139],"so":[86],"that":[87,182,216],"performance":[90],"index":[91],"can":[92,239],"be":[93],"optimized.":[94],"Under":[95],"same":[97],"conditions,":[99],"input":[101,194],"=":[103,133,136,140],"2":[104,199],"mS/cm":[105],"use":[107],"BP":[112,168],"PID":[115,171,176],"(PSO-BPNN-PID)":[116],"target":[121],"value":[122,158],"solution.":[126],"The":[127,213],"scale":[129],"factors":[130],"were":[131],"Kp":[132],"81,":[134],"Ki":[135],"0.095,":[137],"0.044;":[141],"steady":[143],"state":[144],"time":[145,228],"was":[146,152,159,222,229,236],"about":[147,153],"43":[148],"s,":[149,232],"overshoot":[151,235],"0.14%,":[154],"stable":[160],"at":[161],"1.9997":[162],"mS/cm-2.0027":[163],"mS/cm.":[164],"Compared":[165],"with":[166],"(BPNN-PID)":[172],"traditional":[175],"approach,":[178],"results":[180,214],"show":[181],"PSO-BPNN-PID":[183,210],"had":[184],"faster":[186],"response":[187],"speed":[188],"higher":[190],"accuracy.":[191],"Furthermore,":[192],"1":[195],"mS/cm,":[196,198,200,203,225],"1.5":[197],"2.5":[202],"respectively,":[204],"simulated":[206],"verified":[208],"model.":[212],"showed":[215],"fluctuation":[218],"range":[219],"0.003":[223],"mS/cm~0.119":[224],"steady-state":[227],"40":[230],"s~60":[231],"0.3%~0.14%,":[237],"which":[238],"meet":[240],"requirements":[242],"rapid":[245],"accurate":[247],"integration":[248],"water":[250],"fertilizer":[252],"in":[253],"agricultural":[254],"production.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
