{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286208857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145400","title":"Experimental Study and FEM Simulations for Detection of Rebars in Concrete Slabs by Coplanar Capacitive Sensing Technique","display_name":"Experimental Study and FEM Simulations for Detection of Rebars in Concrete Slabs by Coplanar Capacitive Sensing Technique","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286208857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145400","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35891079"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145400","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5400/pdf?version=1658295192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5400/pdf?version=1658295192","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023191213","display_name":"Farima Abdollahi-Mamoudan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0158-0839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farima Abdollahi-Mamoudan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065 Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0158-0839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065 Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077566748","display_name":"Clemente Ibarra\u2010Castanedo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0198-7439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065 Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0198-7439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065 Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075757737","display_name":"Tobin Filleter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-4773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobin Filleter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King\u2019s College, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada","Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-4773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King\u2019s College, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027017464","display_name":"Xavier Maldague","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-2008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavier P. V. Maldague","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065 Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-2008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065 Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023191213","https://openalex.org/A5077566748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.4744,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5074051,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"14","first_page":"5400","last_page":"5400"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12682","display_name":"Smart Materials for Construction","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12682","display_name":"Smart Materials for Construction","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rebar","display_name":"Rebar","score":0.8919059038162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensing","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","score":0.8108372688293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.8002514839172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiphysics","display_name":"Multiphysics","score":0.6816319823265076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slab","display_name":"Slab","score":0.6652926802635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6359873414039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.5676321387290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.4334329068660736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.4139837622642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.379213809967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3184915781021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16653716564178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.13819748163223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07287859916687012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778664469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150425","display_name":"Rebar","level":2,"score":0.8919059038162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.8108372688293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.8002514839172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46435376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1829750","display_name":"Multiphysics","level":3,"score":0.6816319823265076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113740112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5904738","display_name":"Slab","level":2,"score":0.6652926802635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6359873414039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5676321387290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.4334329068660736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.4139837622642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.379213809967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3184915781021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16653716564178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.13819748163223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07287859916687012}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145400","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5400/pdf?version=1658295192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35891079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35891079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b2c221197c734f76a58ee8dfa859eb13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b2c221197c734f76a58ee8dfa859eb13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 14, p 5400 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/14/5400/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 14; Pages: 5400","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9323606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9323606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/123927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/123927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145400","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5400/pdf?version=1658295192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310137","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286208857.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286208857.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W588030591","https://openalex.org/W1973394915","https://openalex.org/W1989463376","https://openalex.org/W2024665943","https://openalex.org/W2036261140","https://openalex.org/W2040205694","https://openalex.org/W2079406369","https://openalex.org/W2081989415","https://openalex.org/W2097464479","https://openalex.org/W2131111971","https://openalex.org/W2137901437","https://openalex.org/W2144284614","https://openalex.org/W2333023890","https://openalex.org/W2567873115","https://openalex.org/W2732585811","https://openalex.org/W2790671702","https://openalex.org/W2907252339","https://openalex.org/W2979850533","https://openalex.org/W3012471629","https://openalex.org/W3031682485","https://openalex.org/W3111543151","https://openalex.org/W3123602813","https://openalex.org/W3215349431","https://openalex.org/W4205358611","https://openalex.org/W4214815489","https://openalex.org/W4220979463","https://openalex.org/W4280652306","https://openalex.org/W6647517010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084426624","https://openalex.org/W3026055904","https://openalex.org/W2792869497","https://openalex.org/W4312133600","https://openalex.org/W2007566151","https://openalex.org/W2567205727","https://openalex.org/W2361446527","https://openalex.org/W2617183596","https://openalex.org/W4292622326","https://openalex.org/W2211812010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,88],"the":[1,12,39,71,74,79,84,90,93,100,104,110,114,143],"present":[2],"study,":[3],"a":[4,28,96,121,138],"relatively":[5],"novel":[6],"non-destructive":[7],"testing":[8],"(NDT)":[9],"method":[10],"called":[11],"coplanar":[13,85],"capacitive":[14,86],"sensing":[15],"technique":[16,34],"was":[17,107],"applied":[18],"in":[19,27,38,44,65,103],"order":[20],"to":[21,69],"detect":[22],"different":[23],"sizes":[24],"of":[25,47,73,76,92,95],"rebars":[26,77],"reinforced":[29],"concrete":[30,48,105,122],"(RC)":[31],"structure.":[32],"This":[33],"effectively":[35],"detects":[36],"changes":[37],"dielectric":[40],"properties":[41],"during":[42],"scanning":[43],"various":[45],"sections":[46],"with":[49,129],"and":[50,126,146],"without":[51],"rebars.":[52],"Numerical":[53],"simulations":[54,145],"were":[55,118,127],"carried":[56],"out":[57],"by":[58,83,109],"three-dimensional":[59],"(3D)":[60],"finite":[61],"element":[62],"modelling":[63],"(FEM)":[64],"COMSOL":[66],"Multiphysics":[67],"software":[68,112],"analyse":[70],"impact":[72],"presence":[75,94],"on":[78,99,120],"electric":[80],"field":[81],"generated":[82],"probe.":[87],"addition,":[89],"effect":[91],"surface":[97],"defect":[98],"rebar":[101],"embedded":[102],"slab":[106,123],"demonstrated":[108],"same":[111],"for":[113],"first":[115],"time.":[116],"Experiments":[117],"performed":[119],"containing":[124],"rebars,":[125],"compared":[128],"FEM":[130],"results.":[131,148],"The":[132],"results":[133],"showed":[134],"that":[135],"there":[136],"is":[137],"good":[139],"qualitative":[140],"agreement":[141],"between":[142],"numerical":[144],"experimental":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}