{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286214423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145380","title":"Drowsiness Detection System Based on PERCLOS and Facial Physiological Signal","display_name":"Drowsiness Detection System Based on PERCLOS and Facial Physiological Signal","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286214423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145380","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35891065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145380","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5380/pdf?version=1658235088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5380/pdf?version=1658235088","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079948174","display_name":"KyungHi Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3233-8087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193365169","display_name":"National Chi Nan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha6v181","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Chen-Hao Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan","Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3233-8087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072278604","display_name":"Chia-Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-3132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687514","display_name":"Wei\u2010Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-4518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040566646","display_name":"Cheng\u2010Di Chiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0369-0935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126829","display_name":"China Medical University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0368s4g32","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126829"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Di Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurosurgical Department and Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurosurgical Department and Spine Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126829","https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040566646","https://openalex.org/A5079948174"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928","https://openalex.org/I184693016","https://openalex.org/I193365169","https://openalex.org/I4210126829"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.6193,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95436461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"14","first_page":"5380","last_page":"5380"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5092800855636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46996399760246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-variability","display_name":"Heart rate variability","score":0.45275211334228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44837602972984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.41272109746932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3662372827529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34994786977767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3288809061050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.22720029950141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.19356966018676758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5092800855636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46996399760246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.45275211334228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44837602972984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.41272109746932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3662372827529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34994786977767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3288809061050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.22720029950141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19356966018676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005221","descriptor_name":"Fatigue","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005221","descriptor_name":"Fatigue","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005221","descriptor_name":"Fatigue","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145380","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5380/pdf?version=1658235088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35891065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35891065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d3531cf1270e49e3b16b4f29959d330c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d3531cf1270e49e3b16b4f29959d330c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 14, p 5380 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/14/5380/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 14; Pages: 5380","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9323611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9323611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145380","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5380/pdf?version=1658235088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286214423.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286214423.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525925008","https://openalex.org/W1550036836","https://openalex.org/W1575965034","https://openalex.org/W1982547681","https://openalex.org/W1984554603","https://openalex.org/W2002245125","https://openalex.org/W2032130744","https://openalex.org/W2040318067","https://openalex.org/W2053007982","https://openalex.org/W2054676932","https://openalex.org/W2075149264","https://openalex.org/W2098330912","https://openalex.org/W2103705970","https://openalex.org/W2112400936","https://openalex.org/W2112458144","https://openalex.org/W2113915565","https://openalex.org/W2139293067","https://openalex.org/W2149069903","https://openalex.org/W2481049854","https://openalex.org/W2528525647","https://openalex.org/W2534209845","https://openalex.org/W2534246797","https://openalex.org/W2537679070","https://openalex.org/W2539050533","https://openalex.org/W2898665421","https://openalex.org/W2995356865","https://openalex.org/W3216146301","https://openalex.org/W6632663775","https://openalex.org/W6728835979","https://openalex.org/W6770621979"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2314914269","https://openalex.org/W112050585","https://openalex.org/W3082889039","https://openalex.org/W2946788172","https://openalex.org/W2889272531","https://openalex.org/W2739867511","https://openalex.org/W3094293500","https://openalex.org/W4241238650","https://openalex.org/W2954543930","https://openalex.org/W2108573048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accidents":[0],"caused":[1,19],"by":[2,20],"fatigue":[3],"occur":[4],"frequently,":[5],"and":[6,38,74,85,97,118,147,195,208,226],"numerous":[7],"scholars":[8],"have":[9,44],"devoted":[10],"tremendous":[11],"efforts":[12],"to":[13,16,58,86,93,129,134,165,189,242],"investigate":[14],"methods":[15,92],"reduce":[17],"accidents":[18],"fatigued":[21],"driving.":[22],"Accordingly,":[23],"the":[24,27,31,34,39,60,80,88,95,139,157,179,185,201,216,220,227,244,247],"assessment":[25],"of":[26,30,41,62,70,76,90,99,141,171,178,187,197,246],"spirit":[28],"status":[29,113],"driver":[32],"through":[33],"eyes":[35],"blinking":[36],"frequency":[37],"measurement":[40],"physiological":[42],"signals":[43],"emerged":[45],"as":[46,239],"effective":[47],"methods.":[48],"In":[49,121,200,232],"this":[50,123],"study,":[51],"a":[52,126,131,143,151,240],"drowsiness":[53,100,119,175,181],"detection":[54,61,182],"system":[55,183,228],"is":[56,184,214,218,224,230],"proposed":[57,103,180,248],"combine":[59],"LF/HF":[63,109,167],"ratio":[64,110,168],"from":[65,111,169],"heart":[66],"rate":[67],"variability":[68],"(HRV)":[69],"photoplethysmographic":[71],"imaging":[72],"(PPGI)":[73],"percentage":[75,196],"eyelid":[77,198],"closure":[78],"over":[79,82],"pupil":[81],"time":[83],"(PERCLOS),":[84],"utilize":[87],"advantages":[89],"both":[91],"improve":[94],"accuracy":[96,229],"robustness":[98],"detection.":[101],"The":[102,173,212],"algorithm":[104,188],"performs":[105],"three":[106],"functions,":[107],"including":[108],"HRV":[112,170],"judgment,":[114],"eye":[115],"state":[116],"detection,":[117],"judgment.":[120],"addition,":[122,233],"study":[124],"utilized":[125],"near-infrared":[127],"webcam":[128],"obtain":[130,166,190],"facial":[132],"image":[133],"achieve":[135],"non-contact":[136],"measurement,":[137],"alleviate":[138],"inconvenience":[140],"using":[142],"contact":[144],"wearable":[145],"device,":[146],"for":[148],"use":[149,186],"in":[150],"dark":[152],"environment.":[153],"Furthermore,":[154],"we":[155],"selected":[156],"appropriate":[158],"RGB":[159],"channel":[160],"under":[161],"different":[162],"light":[163],"sources":[164],"PPGI.":[172],"main":[174],"judgment":[176],"basis":[177],"sympathetic/parasympathetic":[191],"nervous":[192],"balance":[193],"index":[194],"closure.":[199],"experiment,":[202],"there":[203],"are":[204],"10":[205],"awake":[206],"samples":[207],"30":[209],"sleepy":[210],"samples.":[211],"sensitivity":[213],"88.9%,":[215],"specificity":[217],"93.5%,":[219],"positive":[221],"predictive":[222],"value":[223],"80%,":[225],"92.5%.":[231],"an":[234],"electroencephalography":[235],"signal":[236],"was":[237],"used":[238],"contrast":[241],"validate":[243],"reliability":[245],"method.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}